Organelles
- Created by: emily_w
- Created on: 16-11-14 16:36
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- Organelles
- Nucleus
- Structure
- It is the largest organelle
- Nuclei can be 10-20µm in diameter
- Surrounded by a double membrane
- This membrane is called the nuclear envelope
- Membrane has openings called nuclear pores
- Outer membrane connects to endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleoplasm
- Contains chromatin (DNA + histones) which appear as dark blobs
- It is the largest organelle
- Function
- Contains most of the cell's genetic material
- Controls protein synthesis
- Makes mRNA
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- YES
- Structure
- Nucleolus
- Structure
- No membrane
- Dense spherical structure inside nucleus
- Function
- Makes RNA and ribosomes
- These pass into cytoplasm through nuclear pores
- Makes RNA and ribosomes
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- YES
- Structure
- Ribosome
- Structure
- Very small organelles
- Located in cytoplasm
- Bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Consists of 2 subunits
- Function
- Site of protein synthesis
- Uses mRNA for this
- Acts as "assembly line"
- Site of protein synthesis
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- NO
- Structure
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Structure
- Flattened, membrane-bound sacs
- sacs are called CISTERNAE
- Ribosomes attached to surface
- Close to nucleus because ribosomes need RNA for protein synthesis
- Flattened, membrane-bound sacs
- Function
- Amino acid chain pushed into cisternal space in rough endoplasmic reticulum
- RER then pinches off a vesicle and the amino acid is transported to Golgi apparatus or cell membrane
- Amino acid chain pushed into cisternal space in rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- NO
- Untitled
- Structure
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Structure
- Same as rough endoplasmic reticulum, but without ribosomes
- Function
- Produces lipids
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- NO
- Structure
- Golgi apparatus
- Structure
- Stack of membrane-bound and flattened sacs
- Function
- Receives proteins from endoplasmic reticulum
- Modifies proteins, eg by adding glucose
- Packages proteins into vesicles for transportation
- Receives proteins from endoplasmic reticulum
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- NO
- Structure
- Mitochondria
- Structure
- Two membranes separated by a fluid-filled space
- Inner membrane is folded to form cristae
- Central part is called the matrix
- Contains circular DNA and phosphate granules
- Two membranes separated by a fluid-filled space
- Function
- Produces ATP during respiration
- The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- NO
- Structure
- Chloroplast
- Structure
- 2 membranes separated by fluid
- Inner membrane has continuous network of thylakoids
- Function
- Site of photosynthesis
- Uses light energy to derive carbohydrate molecules from CO2
- Animal cell
- NO
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- NO
- Structure
- Lysosome
- Structure
- Spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane
- Contain proteins/enzymes
- Function
- Digestive enzymes break down materials
- Acrosome is a specialised lysosome in the head of a sperm which breaks down egg
- Animal cell
- Yes
- Plant cell
- Yes
- Visible under light microscope
- No
- Structure
- Centrioles
- Structure
- Protein tubes of microtubules
- Function
- Form spindles during cell division
- Animal cell
- Yes
- Plant cell
- Yes
- Visible under light microscope
- Yes
- Structure
- Plasma membrane
- Structure
- Two layers of phospholipids
- Fatty acids
- Embedded with proteins which act as channels during diffusion
- Two layers of phospholipids
- Function
- Regulates substances entering and exiting cell
- Separates cell from outside environment
- Animal cell
- YES
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- NO
- Structure
- Cellulose cell wall
- Structure
- Dependent on species
- Bacteria have peptidoglycans
- Fungi have glucosamine and chitin
- Dependent on species
- Function
- Gives cell shape and structural support
- Protects cell from infection
- Regulates transport in and out of cell
- Animal cell
- NO
- Plant cell
- YES
- Visible under light microscope
- YES
- Structure
- Vacuole
- Structure
- Encloses cell sap
- Sap contains water and other dissolved substances
- Encloses cell sap
- Function
- Pigments in vacuole give flowers colour
- Stores plant wastes
- Tastes bitter to insects so plant will not get eaten
- Stores salts and nutrients for plant growth
- Provides structural support
- Animal cell
- No
- Plant cell
- Yes
- Visible under light microscope
- Yes
- Structure
- Vesicle
- Structure
- Small, membrane bound sac
- Function
- Transports and stores materials within the cell
- Animal cell
- Yes
- Plant cell
- Yes
- Visible under light microsope
- Yes
- Structure
- Nucleus
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