Obedience
- Created by: __Jess
- Created on: 17-03-23 19:58
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- Obedience
- Milgram
- Sample
- 40 American men
- Procedure
- Participant assigned teacher role and ordered to give fake electric shocks to a confederate by an experimenter
- Shocks increased by 15V with each mistake, up to 450V
- Findings
- All participants went to 300V and 65% went to 450V
- Many were stressed and objected, but continued when told to
- Evaluation
- Strengths
- Beauvois et al - repeated his study in a modern way, and found the same results
- Weaknesses
- Low internal validity - demand characteristics may have been at play
- Orne and Holland
- Haslam et al found that participants would only obey if they identified with the research's aims
- His participants did not blindly follow orders
- Low internal validity - demand characteristics may have been at play
- Strengths
- Sample
- Milgram's situational variables
- Proximity
- Teacher and learner were in the same room
- Obedience dropped from 65% to 40%
- Touch proximity version
- Teacher had to force the learner's hand onto an electric shock plate
- Obedience dropped to 30%
- Teacher had to force the learner's hand onto an electric shock plate
- Remote instruction version
- Experimenter gave the teacher instructions virtually
- Obedience dropped to 20.5%
- Experimenter gave the teacher instructions virtually
- Teacher and learner were in the same room
- Location
- Milgram switched Yale uni for a run-down office block
- Obedience fell to 47.5%
- Milgram switched Yale uni for a run-down office block
- Uniform
- Experimenter was swapped out for a plain-clothes actor
- Obedience fell to 20%
- Experimenter was swapped out for a plain-clothes actor
- Evaluation
- Strengths
- Supporting research
- Bickman
- Cross-cultural support
- Meeus and Raaijmakers
- Supporting research
- Weaknesses
- Low internal validity
- Changed variables may have made it even more obvious that it was a setup
- Low internal validity
- Strengths
- Proximity
- Agentic state
- Agentic state = failing to take responsibility as we are just following orders
- Autonomous state = free of other influences so we take responsibility for our actions
- Agentic shift = the shift from autonomous to agentic in the presence of authority
- Binding factors = situational aspects that allow us to minimise the damaging effect of behaviour
- Strengths
- Supporting research
- Milgram
- Supporting research
- Weaknesses
- Opposing evidence
- Rank and Jacobsen
- Opposing evidence
- Legitimacy of authority
- LoA = Some trusted people have positions of power
- Destructive authority = Legitimate authority can be corrupt, and make us do destructive things
- Strengths
- Explains cultural differences
- Kilham and Mann
- Explains cultural differences
- Weaknesses
- Cannot explain all disobedience
- Rank and Jacobsen
- Cannot explain all disobedience
- Authoritarian personality
- Adorno et al
- AP is an extreme respect for authority, inflexible outlook and contempt for inferiors
- Created the F-scale
- Strong correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice
- Caused by harsh parenting, taught to displace onto others
- Psychodynamic explanation
- Adorno et al
- Milgram
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