Memory (facts)
- Created by: Karen Itseli
- Created on: 04-12-18 05:28
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- Memory
- LTM
- The final stage of the MSM proposed by Atkinson-Shiffrin
- Duration: Unlimited
- Capacity: Unlimited
- Codes: Semantically
- BAHRICK ET AL: Investigated the duration of the LTM
- Procedure: Examined 392 uni participants by asking them to match the names of former classmates to pictures in a yearbook.
- 60% accuracy for matching names and faces after graduation
- Memories stored in the LTM can last for a last time or at least 47 years (UNLIMITED)
- STRENGTHS
- Replicable
- High Ecological Validity
- Generalisable
- WEAKNESS
- Extraneous variables are not controlled and can effect the results
- The high emotional significance can not be generalised to a wide population
- FACTORS AFFECTING DURATION IN LTM
- DEPTH OF LEARNING
- How deeply you process/think about the information
- PATTERNS OF LEARNING
- Spaced out sessions are better than intensive ones
- NATURE OF MATERIAL TO BE LEARNED
- Whether or not we are interested in it or not
- DEPTH OF LEARNING
- JACOBS: Find the capacity of the STM. Developed technique to measure digit span
- Procedure
- - Gave 4 digits and then asked for recall
- If this was correct, they were given 5 more digits and so on until the participant could not recall correctly.
- - Gave 4 digits and then asked for recall
- Found that the mean span was 7 3
- Procedure
- MILLER: Made observations of everyday practice and found that everything comes in 7s
- Suggests that the span (capacity) is about 7 items plus or minus 2 (7+/-2)
- PETERSON + PETERSON: Investigated the duration of STM, and provide evidence for the MSM
- Procedure
- -Lab experiment (24 psych participants) had to recall trigrams
- Found that the duration of the STM is 18 secs.
- -Lab experiment (24 psych participants) had to recall trigrams
- CONCLUSION: STM has a limited duration when rehearsal is prevented. It's information that is lost is due to TRACE DECAY.
- EVALUATION:-- Low ecological validity.
- + Can be replicated as the setting is controlled and has standardised procedures
- Ethnocentric: Conducted in America with American participants generalisations can not be made.
- Procedure
- BADDLEY (1966a + 1966b): Explored the effects of acoustic & semantic coding in the STM and LTM. 1966A Found that we code acoustically in our STM and 1966B found that we code semantically in our LTM
- Participants were presented with random sequences of 5 words in each of the following categories; Acoustically similar and dis similar words. Semantically similar and dis similar words
- - +HIgh level of control. Which allows cause and effect. Also replicable
- Artificial setting with low ecological validity. So generalisations can not be made. Low mundan realism. Also demand characteristics
- - +HIgh level of control. Which allows cause and effect. Also replicable
- Participants were presented with random sequences of 5 words in each of the following categories; Acoustically similar and dis similar words. Semantically similar and dis similar words
- LTM
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