Medicine in Modern britain
- Created by: Katie2007
- Created on: 15-02-23 15:29
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- Medicine in Modern Britain
- Ideas about the cause of disease and illness
- Advances in understanding
- Genetics
- 1900 it was clear that microbes did not cause all diseasea and some conditions were born with. identifying that genes are inherited from both parents
- Discovery of DNA 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson
- Drs could now identify conditions such as Down syndrome and if people were more lieky to develop conditions such as Parkinsons
- Lifestyle
- Smoking causes high blood pressure, toot decay, gum disease heart disease, mouth and throat cancer
- Diet can cause obesity, diabetes type 2, heart disease
- sexually transmitted diseases
- Drinking alcohol and taking drugs alcoholism can lead to liver disease and drug taking using needles can spread disease such as hepatitis and HIV
- Genetics
- Improvements in diagnosis
- Blood tests/ Biopsy this started in 1930s
- Blood sugar monitoring
- CT scans
- MRI Scans uses magnetic and radio waves to create internal images of the body ( can be used to diagnose soft tissue and ligament damage
- ECGs Echocardiogram these are useful to detect if a patient is having a heart attack
- Ultrasound can be used to diagnose kidney stones and gall stones as well as monitor a baby's progress during pregnancy
- X-Rays used since 1890s
- Endoscopes This is a small flexible camera used to see inside the body
- Advances in understanding
- Development of Penicillin
- Alexander flemming accidently discovered penicillin
- following this accidental discovery he diluted the penicillin and found that it could kill bacteria but only on the outside of the body not the inside
- in 1938 Florey and Chain created the first pure penicillin that could kill bacteria inside the body such as septicemia.
- The NHS made it free to all and it became a wonder drug
- Alexander flemming accidently discovered penicillin
- The fight against lung cancer
- 1950 British Medical Research Council proved the link between smoking and Lung cancer
- 85% of people with Lung Cancer smoked or had smoked in the past
- Modern treatment
- Radiotherapy aims to kill cancer cells using beams of radiation to target cancer precisely
- Chemotherapy used since 1970s when surgery and radiotherapy has not been successful chemicals are used to shrink tumours or prevent cancer returning
- Can have negative side effects
- Immunotherapy cancer can resits the bodies immune system attempts to fight it so scientists are researching into boosting a patients immune system to fight cancer
- Surgry lungs can be transplanted however this does leave ethical questions
- Modern prevention
- changing behaviours
- Smoking ban in public places July 2007
- Extended to Cars in 2015
- Taxes on tobacco were increased
- Must be 18 to buy cigarettes which can not be on display
- Smoking ban in public places July 2007
- Influencing behaviour
- cigarette advertising was banned in 2005
- cigarette packaging had to have warning on them
- NHS produced anti Smoking campaigns to warn people of the dangers of smoking
- changing behaviours
- 1950 British Medical Research Council proved the link between smoking and Lung cancer
- Approaches to prevention and treatment
- The magic bullet Salvarsan 606
- Paul Ehrlich reasoned that if certain dyes could stain bacteria, perhaps certain chemicals could kill them
- by 1914 he had discovered several bullets ( chemical compound mixtures) that would kill specific diseases
- This bullet could kill syphilis
- However this was made from arsenic so was poisonous
- Paul Ehrlich reasoned that if certain dyes could stain bacteria, perhaps certain chemicals could kill them
- Antibiotics
- deaths by disease dropped drastically
- The use of other fungi to create more antibioics
- 1943 the discovery of streptomycin
- cured TB
- 1943 the discovery of streptomycin
- Super resistant bugs resistant to antibiotics such as MRSA
- NHS
- provided medical care for the entire population following the Beveridge report in 1942
- early problems
- Hospitals and GP surgeries were old and needed updating,
- There was little money to pay for it following WW2
- Long waiting times
- Gps were suspicions and not interested in research
- Improvements form 1960s
- More hospitals were built even children hospitals such as Alder Hey
- The Quality Care commission was set up to monitor hospital quality
- The GPs Charter, 1966 This gave incentives to GPs who kept up with medical research and encouraged GPs to work in practices together
- Impact Of NHS
- Anyone no matter of social background could receive medical care and treatment
- Prevention The NHS encouraged healthy living, administered vaccinations, and used check ups and modern technology to help prevent or catch diseases early such as cancer
- Offered high tech medical treatment and care such as specialist Drs and nurses
- Life expectancy The NHS has played an important part in increasing peoples life expectancy
- Training Nurses have developed specialist skills in the care of patients, some can now prescribe medicine
- Problems with NHS today
- Long waiting lists and appointment delays
- aging and growing population putting astrain on resources
- increasing lifestyle problems
- Rising costs
- Treatment
- changes in surgical treatment
- keyhole surgery used tiny camera to operate was quicker and healing time shorter.
- Microsurgery allowed tiny nerve endings and blood vessels can now be reattached after surgery, which helped with transplant development
- first kidney transplant 1956
- first heart transplant 1967
- Robotic surgery surgeons can use computers for precision surgery often used in brain surgery
- Anaesthetic from 1930's anesthetic could be injected into the blood stream allowing precise doses making surgery safer
- Modern Treatments
- Machines such as dialysis, heart bypass, pacemakers
- Blood transfusions this could help when people have lost lots on blood
- Gene therapy takes healthy genes and transplants into someone who has genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis
- X-Rays
- Robotics these have helped to improve prosthetics
- Medicine and drug treatment
- changes in surgical treatment
- Preventing
- screening for genetic disease
- Government Acts such as Clean Air Act 1956 and 1968 aimed at reducing pollution Smoking ban 1st July2007 Limiting car emissions
- charities such as British heart foundation creating adverts encouraging people to protect their heart by giving up smoking and exercising and eating less fatty foods
- increased understanding of causes of disease
- Goverment introduced health campaigns such as fit for life
- vaccination campaigns
- Tetanus 1961 Measles 1968 Rubella 1970 HPV early200s
- communicating the health risks to the public e. Ebola epidemic (2014 -15) Covid 2020
- The magic bullet Salvarsan 606
- Ideas about the cause of disease and illness
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