Medicine in Modern britain

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  • Created by: Katie2007
  • Created on: 15-02-23 15:29
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  • Medicine in Modern Britain
    • Ideas about the cause of disease and illness
      • Advances in understanding
        • Genetics
          • 1900 it was clear that microbes did not cause all diseasea and some conditions were born with. identifying that genes are inherited from both parents
          • Discovery of DNA 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson
          • Drs could now identify conditions such as Down syndrome and if people were more lieky to develop conditions such as  Parkinsons
        • Lifestyle
          • Smoking causes high blood pressure, toot decay, gum disease  heart disease,  mouth and throat cancer
          • Diet can cause obesity, diabetes type 2, heart disease
          • sexually transmitted diseases
          • Drinking alcohol and taking drugs   alcoholism can lead to liver disease and drug taking using needles can spread disease such as hepatitis and HIV
      • Improvements in diagnosis
        • Blood tests/ Biopsy this started in 1930s
        • Blood sugar monitoring
        • CT scans
        • MRI Scans  uses magnetic and radio waves to create internal images of the body ( can be used to diagnose soft tissue and ligament damage
        • ECGs Echocardiogram  these are useful to detect if a patient is having a heart attack
        • Ultrasound can be used to diagnose kidney stones and gall stones as well as monitor a baby's progress during pregnancy
        • X-Rays  used since 1890s
        • Endoscopes  This is a small flexible camera used to see inside the body
    • Development of Penicillin
      • Alexander flemming accidently discovered penicillin
        • following this accidental discovery he diluted the penicillin and found that it could kill bacteria but only on the outside of the body not the inside
      • in 1938 Florey and Chain created the first pure penicillin that could kill bacteria inside the body such as septicemia.
      • The NHS made it free to all  and it became a wonder drug
    • The fight against lung cancer
      • 1950 British Medical Research Council proved the link between smoking and Lung cancer
        • 85% of people with Lung Cancer smoked or had smoked in the past
      • Modern treatment
        • Radiotherapy  aims to kill cancer cells using beams of radiation to target cancer precisely
        • Chemotherapy used since 1970s when surgery and radiotherapy has not been successful  chemicals are used to shrink tumours or prevent cancer returning
          • Can have negative side effects
        • Immunotherapy  cancer can resits the bodies immune system attempts to fight it so scientists  are researching into boosting a patients immune system to fight cancer
        • Surgry  lungs can be transplanted however this does leave ethical questions
      • Modern prevention
        • changing behaviours
          • Smoking ban in public places  July 2007
            • Extended to Cars in 2015
          • Taxes on tobacco were increased
          • Must be 18 to buy cigarettes which can not be on display
        • Influencing behaviour
          • cigarette advertising was banned in 2005
          • cigarette packaging had to have warning on them
          • NHS produced anti Smoking campaigns to warn people of the dangers of smoking
    • Approaches to prevention and treatment
      • The magic bullet Salvarsan 606
        • Paul Ehrlich   reasoned that if certain dyes could stain bacteria, perhaps certain chemicals could kill them
          • by 1914 he had discovered several bullets ( chemical compound mixtures) that would kill specific diseases
        • This bullet could kill  syphilis
        • However this was made from arsenic so was poisonous
      • Antibiotics
        • deaths by disease dropped drastically
        • The use of other fungi to create more antibioics
          • 1943 the discovery of streptomycin
            • cured TB
        • Super resistant bugs  resistant to antibiotics such as MRSA
      • NHS
        • provided medical care for the entire population following the Beveridge report in 1942
        • early problems
          • Hospitals and GP surgeries  were old and needed updating,
          • There was little money to pay for it following WW2
          • Long waiting times
          • Gps  were suspicions and not interested in research
        • Improvements form 1960s
          • More hospitals were built even children hospitals such as Alder Hey
          • The Quality Care commission was set up to monitor hospital quality
          • The GPs Charter, 1966 This gave incentives to GPs who kept up with medical research and encouraged GPs to work in practices together
        • Impact Of NHS
          • Anyone no matter of social background could receive  medical care and treatment
          • Prevention  The NHS encouraged healthy living, administered vaccinations, and used check ups and modern technology to help prevent or catch diseases early such as cancer
          • Offered high tech medical treatment and care such as specialist Drs and nurses
          • Life expectancy  The NHS has played an important part in increasing peoples life expectancy
          • Training  Nurses have developed specialist skills in the care of patients, some can now prescribe medicine
        • Problems with NHS today
          • Long waiting lists and appointment delays
          • aging and growing population  putting astrain on resources
          • increasing lifestyle problems
          • Rising costs
      • Treatment
        • changes in surgical treatment
          • keyhole surgery   used tiny camera to operate was quicker and healing time shorter.
          • Microsurgery  allowed tiny nerve endings and blood vessels can now be reattached after surgery, which helped with transplant development
            • first kidney transplant 1956
            • first heart transplant 1967
          • Robotic surgery  surgeons can use computers for precision surgery often used in brain surgery
          • Anaesthetic from 1930's anesthetic could be injected into the blood stream allowing precise doses making surgery safer
        • Modern Treatments
          • Machines  such as dialysis, heart bypass, pacemakers
          • Blood transfusions this could help when people have lost lots on blood
          • Gene therapy  takes healthy genes and transplants into someone who has genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis
          • X-Rays
          • Robotics these have helped to improve prosthetics
        • Medicine and drug treatment
      • Preventing
        • screening for genetic disease
        • Government Acts such as  Clean Air Act 1956 and 1968 aimed at reducing pollution   Smoking ban 1st July2007 Limiting car emissions
        • charities such as British heart foundation  creating adverts encouraging people to protect their heart by giving up smoking and exercising and eating less fatty foods
        • increased understanding of causes of disease
          • Goverment introduced health campaigns such as fit for life
          • vaccination campaigns
            • Tetanus 1961 Measles 1968 Rubella 1970 HPV early200s
        • communicating   the  health risks  to the public e. Ebola epidemic (2014 -15) Covid 2020

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