Language and Gender Theorists
- Created by: sophie.pritchard
- Created on: 29-05-19 15:29
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- Language and Gender
- Women's Language
- Otto Jeperson (1922)
- males language normal, women's language abnormal
- danager of language becoming insipid if use women's expressions
- women's language not as effective because of indirectness
- Dale Spender (1980) man made language
- qualifiers (perhaps + maybe) & intensifiers (so + such)
- evidence of uncertainty for women
- evidence of certainty for men
- qualifiers (perhaps + maybe) & intensifiers (so + such)
- Mira Komarovsky (1962)
- 58 working class American couples
- women-talked about family & personal matters
- men-money, business, sport, work & politics
- Robin Lakoff (1975)
- women's words, grammar, intonation & high levels of intonation
- deficit model- men & women not only different & men dominate, but differences exist because of inferior femal attributes
- Wilson (1553)
- decreed that it was more natural for the man to come before the woman
- Raewyn Connell (1987) Hegemonic masculinity
- behaviours & language associated with idealised male groups that is seen as having the most power & status
- Holmes (1994) metaphors
- use of metaphors for women are persuasive
- metaphors of animals are strongly associated with some women
- metonymy refernces to things by something closely related
- Thimm (2003)
- women mimic the language of men
- Julia Stanley (1977) promiscuous words
- more for women, many perjorated
- Anne Bodine (1975)
- androcentricism, false generic
- Litosseleti (2006)
- women in male roles change/adapt language to men's language
- Otto Jeperson (1922)
- Gender in Conversation
- Cameron & Coates (1988)
- competitive & cooperative langauge
- Hedges- help statements become more negotiable & retractable
- Jennifer Coates (1996)
- women's work words
- men prefer topics which allow each participant a turn of being the expert
- women prefer topics that are more personal
- men hedge less
- women make well places minimal responses
- men make responses too late, lack of interest, women falling silent
- women's work words
- Deborah Tannen (1992)
- men assume role of information giver
- men use more imperatives, women use cloaked imperatives
- women's overlaps & interruptions are supportive
- difference model
- women = affiliation & strength of group
- status VS support
- Jenny Cheshire (1980)
- girls are more grammatically correct
- Deborah Cameron (2007) verbal hygiene
- language affected by social situations regardless of gender
- person unfamiliar or uncomfortable language might be weak as lack of experience
- Keith & Shuttleworth (2000)
- women = talk more & too much, more polite, complain & nag, more questions, supportive & cooperative
- men = swear more, talk about sport, see women + machines as the same, insultive, competitive, dominate, authorative, commands & interrupt
- Cameron & Coates (1988)
- Powerless Language
- O'Barr & Atkins (1980)
- women's language not used by all women
- more women then men use powerless language
- speakers social status & previous experience determined what features of PL were used
- renamed womens language powerless language
- Candaice West (1984)
- doctor patient conversations
- doctor interrupts patient unless doctor-woman & patient- white man then patient interrupts
- Nicola Woods (1989)
- recorded conversations between colleges of different occupational status
- even when women were of higher status, men still dominated
- O'Barr & Atkins (1980)
- Phonology
- Ruth Brend (1975)
- men use 3 levels of intonation, women use 4, 4th being higher
- Luchsinger & Arnold (1965)
- voices of some deaf men never break as never heard the gender difference in pitch
- Wolk, Abdelli-Beruh & Slaven (2012) vocal fry
- coined term
- lower pitch of voca fry is attempt to be taken more seriously in work place & establish professional identity
- Paul Warren (2015) uptalk
- uptalk has positive range of social & semantic functions
- Mattingly (1969)
- we modify our voices to fit in with our genders
- University of California
- uptalk also known as valley girl speak or SoCal
- women use uptalk to hold conversational floor, rising intonation suggest not finished
- women use 'floor holding' rise 60% of time, men use it 28% of time
- Denise O'Donoghice (1997)
- hears anxiety in women's voice when talking to strong men
- says women are still talked over by men
- Peter Trudgill (1970)
- 'ng' prestigious variable
- women of each class use it more than men of same class
- women over-report, men under-report
- 'ng' prestigious variable
- Ruth Brend (1975)
- Tag Questions
- Janet Holmes (1984)
- Modal tags - seek information “isn’t it”, speaker orientate, 61% used by men
- Affective tags, show concern, “wasn’t it”
- Facilitating tags, solidarity, “don’t you” addressee orientated, 75% used by women
- Women use more tags
- Pamela Fishman (1980)
- 52 hours of conversation between young couples
- Women use 3x as many tag Q but not bc of uncertainty but for conversational work
- Cameron & Coates (1988)
- Tag Q monitor when in agreement & repect face needs
- Dubois & Crouch (1975)
- Found that men use more tag questions
- Jennifer Coates (1996)
- Men use tag Q to seek information
- Janet Holmes (1984)
- Other Theories
- Cherish Krammer (1974)
- Cartoons in New Yorker, male characters swore more
- Paul Baker (2006)
- Gender collocations illustrate how two words show society views on gender
- Judith Baxter (2014) double voicing
- Women more aware that people may have other agendas
- anticipating & mitigating
- Women more aware that people may have other agendas
- Virginia Woolf (1972)
- More women keeping name when marry
- Jane Sutherland (2004) discourse
- Equal opportunity discourse & political correctness discourse
- Roland Barthes semiotics
- Images are culturally specific, denotations & connotations
- Judith Butler (2004) undoing gender
- Language socially contrusctd gender expectations e.g pronounce you man & wife
- Zimmerman & West (1975) interruptions, overlaps & silences
- Single-sex convo 0.35 interruptions, mixed-sex convo 4.36 interruptions
- 98% interruptions + 100% overlaps men
- More silences in mixed-sex conversation
- Muriel Schulz (1975)
- Living in a patriarchal society
- Cherish Krammer (1974)
- Women's Language
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