Health & Clinical
- Created by: Ella
- Created on: 16-01-14 16:58
View mindmap
- Health & Clinical
- Dysfunctional Behaviours
- Diagnosis
- Classification Manuals
- ICD - International Classification of Disorders
- OUtside of USA
- Published by WHO
- Both physical & mental disorders
- Draft in 1987 was used in 40 countries to see if this improved psychiatric diagnosis across cultures
- DSM - Diagnostic Statistics Manual
- USA
- Multi Axial Tool
- More Holistic
- Takes into accountbany social or environmental problems
- Diagnostic Tools which enable practitioners to identify & treat a particular disorder
- ICD - International Classification of Disorders
- Biases
- Females with ASPD misdiagnosed with HPD 46% of the time
- Males only misdiagnosed with HPD 15% of the times
- Classification Manuals
- Explanations
- Behavioural
- Classical Conditioning
- Evaluation
- Can't explain all dys. behaviours
- Biological
- Genes / instinct
- Schizophrenia
- A psychotic disoder involving a break with reality
- Evaluation
- Valid
- Methods used to investigate are Falsifiable
- BUT reliant on correlation
- Methods used to investigate are Falsifiable
- REductionist
- Valid
- Cognitive
- Faulty / Negative cognitions or thought processes
- Depression
- Cognitive Triad
- Perception of self
- Future
- Experiences
- Future
- Perception of self
- Evaluation
- Effective Treatments
- Developed CBT from this explanation - shown to be effective
- Holistic
- To some extent as cognitions are influenced by upbringing experiences and biology (has neurological basis)
- Can't establish Cause & Effect
- Can't be 100% sure that faulty cognitions are the root cause or the symptoms
- Effective Treatments
- Faulty / Negative cognitions or thought processes
- Behavioural
- Treatments
- Behavioural
- Systematic Desensitisation
- Stages
- Gradual exposure to feared stimulus
- Create hierarchy of fear
- Taught relaxation techniques / breathing / imagery to use when gradually exposed
- Start with least feared stimulus (e.g. picture of it) and gradually increase to more feared stimulus when fear is replaced by relaxation
- Taught relaxation techniques / breathing / imagery to use when gradually exposed
- Create hierarchy of fear
- Gradual exposure to feared stimulus
- Stages
- Treatments based on on reversing / reconditioning
- Evaluation
- Reductionist
- Doesn't consider biological or cognitive factors
- Practical Problems
- Gradual change and also requires motivation so can be time consuming
- Long Lasting
- Suggests that it deals with the root cause of behaviour (CC response is reversed)
- Valid as observable/ measurable change during treatment
- Suggests that it deals with the root cause of behaviour (CC response is reversed)
- Reductionist
- Systematic Desensitisation
- Biological
- Drug treatments which affect the activity of neurotransmitters
- Evaluation
- Not Long Term
- But does start working immdeiately
- Useful for most Dys. Behaviours
- Not Long Term
- Cognitive
- CBT
- Identify faulty cognitions
- Practice positive cognitions and apply them
- Identify faulty cognitions
- Evaluation
- Reliant on Self Report
- Long Term Effect
- CBT
- Behavioural
- Diagnosis
- Healthy Living
- Health Theories
- Health Belief Model
- Perceived Seriousness & Susceptibility
- Cost - Benefit Analysis
- Internal Cues
- Period of ill health
- Insecirities
- External Cues
- TV Adverts/Media
- Doctors, Parents etc...
- Demographic Variables
- Age
- Education
- Occupation
- Evaluation
- Holistic
- Takes into account multiple factors to assess the possibility of an individual adopting a health behaviour
- E.g. Includes social aspects such as culture
- Only slightly REDUCTIONIST as it doesn't look at all factors
- E.g. Personality type, mood and other health disorders.
- Takes into account multiple factors to assess the possibility of an individual adopting a health behaviour
- Useful/ Effective
- Becker's study found HBM to be a useful model to predict & explain different levels of compliance with medical regimens
- Good Face Validity
- Becker's study found HBM to be a useful model to predict & explain different levels of compliance with medical regimens
- Deterministic
- Predicts that if individual feels a high seriousness & susceptibility then we will behave in a certain way
- However involves free will when weighing up costs and benefits
- Predicts that if individual feels a high seriousness & susceptibility then we will behave in a certain way
- Holistic
- Locus of Control
- Suggests that a person thinks that the control of their health will influence whether they adopt a health behaviour
- Internal
- Suggests that a person feels that they control their own health
- External
- Seeing that their health is in someone else's control
- E.g. Doctors, Parents, Religion, Fate.
- Seeing that their health is in someone else's control
- Evaluation
- LOC is not fixed... can change depending on experiences
- Reductionist
- Says that people with a internal LOC will engage in health behaviours
- Deterministic
- If someone has high internal LOC, then they will engage in health related behaviours
- Self Efficacy
- How effective a person thinks they will be at successfully adopting a health behaviour
- Cognitive Based Model
- Links to idea of high internal LOC
- Health Belief Model
- Health Promotion
- Media Campaigns
- Yale Model of Communication
- Hovland started a series of studies to find out how to get people to respond better to health promotion campaigns
- Focuses on 3 aspects
- The Communicator
- Has to be credibile
- The Message
- One sided
- If complicated, should state what to do
- Two sided
- If simple, should allow audience to make up their own mind
- One sided
- Active participation
- The audience are more likely to maintain attitude & behaviour change if they have actively participated in the message rather than passively received it.
- The Communicator
- Yale Model of Communication
- Legislation
- A Law which has been produced by a governing body in order to restrict, regulate, authorise or declare
- E.g. Smoking Ban (England: 1st July 2007)
- Why Effective?
- Forces people to follow particular behaviour change
- Increases perception of seriousness & susceptibility
- HBM!
- What decreases its effectiveness?
- Level of punishment
- Differential Association?
- Demographic Variables
- Fear Arousal
- A persuasive message which emphasises the harmful physical/social consequences of failing to comply with the recommendations of the message
- Links to HBM
- Increases perception of seriousness & susceptibility
- Media Campaigns
- Adherence
- Non Adherence
- Rational Choice theory
- Person believes to be making a logical or rational decision
- They may have reason to believe treatment isn't working
- Practical barriers to the treatment
- Cost
- Availability
- Social Difficulties
- Person believes to be making a logical or rational decision
- Psychoanalytic Theory
- Avoidance Behaviour
- In Denial about problem
- HBM
- Costs outweigh benefits
- Side effects
- Costs outweigh benefits
- Sackett (1976)
- Where compliance goes against well established habits & strong motives, compliance is even worse
- 50% of patients in USA did not take prescribed meds according to instructions
- Rational Choice theory
- Measuring Adherence
- Self Report
- Can produce unexpected info / first hand details to why patient didn't adhere
- Physiological
- Not possible in all cases
- Therapeutic Outcomes
- Observe medicines effect on a persons health
- BUT sometimes despite strict adherence, the outcome isn't always positive
- Observe medicines effect on a persons health
- Chung & Naya (2000)
- Looked at effectiveness of a mechanical device for measuring adherence
- Found high compliance rates
- However were told that their compliance would be assessed
- Evaluation
- Ethics
- Observing people in their home
- Using child patients
- Usefulness
- 70% of hospital admissions could have been prevented if patients had been adherent to health requests
- Situational
- Adherence will differ for the same person depending on the situation they're in
- Ethics
- Self Report
- Improving Adherence
- Positive Reinforcement - Watt
- Increase Education
- Early school programmes
- Media promotion
- Can increase perceived seriousness & susceptibility
- SO increases internal LOC & self efficacy!
- Early school programmes
- Doctors & Nurses
- Can increase perceived seriousness & susceptibility
- Doctors & Nurses
- Make medication more acessible
- Legislation
- When someone supports or sticks to a particular set of ideas or rules such as a medical regimen.
- Non Adherence
- Health Theories
- Stress
- Causes of Stress
- Work
- Approx. 12,800,000 working days in UK were lost due to stress
- Daily Hassles
- A minor event that arises in the course of a normal day
- Lack of Control
- Can make people feel helpless about a situation
- Types
- Internal
- A response within a person
- Memory, imagination, thoughts etc...
- A response within a person
- External
- An event outside of the organism / external force that places stress on us
- Noise, Jobs, Injury etc...
- An event outside of the organism / external force that places stress on us
- Internal
- Work
- Measuring Stress
- Self Report
- Rating Scales, Questionnaires, Interviews
- Physiological
- Blood & urines tests, GSR, heart rate, blood pressure
- Combined methods
- Concurrent validity
- Self Report
- Management of Stress
- Stress Inoculation Therapy
- Cognitive & Behavioural
- 3 stages
- Conceptualisation
- Skills Acquisition & rehersal
- Application
- Biofeedback
- Feedback on ones biological functioning
- Stages...
- Connected to EMG which produces tone at muscle tension
- Focus thoughts on tensions
- Signals / tones start to reduce so patient can see change
- Focus thoughts on tensions
- Connected to EMG which produces tone at muscle tension
- Stages...
- Physiological & Behavioural
- Helps people to be aware of their stress responses
- Operant conditioning
- Feedback on ones biological functioning
- Social Support
- Shown effective by Waxel
- Difficult to measure
- Stress Inoculation Therapy
- Stress is the physical / psychological response to a demanding or adverse situation
- Selye (1936)
- Experimented & exposed a variety of animals to a range of severe but non-lethal stressors
- A long term response to stress was observed that was independent of stressor type
- 3 parts to model
- Alarm
- Imediate response to stressor (fight or flight)
- Resistance
- Body tries to adapt to stressor
- e.g. hormone changes
- Body tries to adapt to stressor
- Exhaustion
- Total depletion of coping resources
- Alarm
- 3 parts to model
- A long term response to stress was observed that was independent of stressor type
- Experimented & exposed a variety of animals to a range of severe but non-lethal stressors
- Causes of Stress
- Dysfunctional Behaviours
Comments
No comments have yet been made