Marketisation policies
- Created by: Emily~99
- Created on: 24-05-17 12:06
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- Government policies from the 1980s onwards on marketisation and raising standards
- Conservative Party (1979-1997)
- Growing independence and Local Management of Schools (LMS)
- LMS transferred control of school budgets to school governors, headteachers and the consumers of education (parents and students) and away from the local authority
- Schools were encouraged to become independent and self-governing and funded directly by the central government
- In some cities, joint-state and private-funded Independent City Technology Colleges were established
- They aimed to make schools more responsive to local needs and the wishes of parents and enable them to compete with one another for students (and funds)
- Formula funding
- Schools and colleges were funded by a formula largely based on the number of students they attracted
- Aimed to raise standards by rewarding successful schools and giving less successful ones the incentive to improve
- Parental choice and open enrolement
- Before the 1988 Education Reform Act children were just allocated schools within their area and parents had little choice of school
- After this, they had free choice of school (BUT, the best ones usually fill their places with students living in the catchment area)
- The national curriculum and national testing
- The 1988 Education Reform Act set up the national curriculum; a range of subjects and set programmes of study were to be followed by all pupils in England (academies and free schools were later exempt)
- There are also attainment targets, with formal teacher assessment at the end of Key Stages 1-3 and National Curriculum Tests (NCTs) at the end of Key Stages 1-2 to ensure these targets are met
- Growing independence and Local Management of Schools (LMS)
- Labour Party (1997-2010)
- More money for schools, more nursery education and smaller primary school classes
- Maximum class size of 30 established for 5-7-year-olds
- Extra money for schools to allow them to provide the staff, materials, buildings, etc. needed to provide a high-quality learning environment (and therefore improve standards)
- All children aged 3-4 were guaranteed 15 hours of free nursery education a week
- Sure Start Children's Centres were established (especially in the most disadvantaged areas)
- Literacy and numeracy hours established to raise standards
- Helping the most disadvantaged
- Schemes included Education Action Zones and Excellence in Cities
- 2000 - City Academies (academies); they're independent, publicly funded schools that are often sponsored by private businesses. They aimed to give under performing schools a fresh start. There was (and still is) controversy over them as many use covert selection, which disadvantages the pupils they were aiming to help
- BUT: 1998 - Introduction of tuition fees
- Specialist schools
- Introduced in 1994, but Labour massively extended the programme
- They have a focus on a certain subject area; they were an attempt to move away from 'bog standard' comprehensives
- They initially had to raise money from private businesses, but they then got extra money from the government
- Allowed to select up to 10% of their pupils by their ability in their specialist subject
- Nearly all secondary schools now have a specialism of some kind
- More money for schools, more nursery education and smaller primary school classes
- Conservative-Liberal Democrat government (2010-2015)
- Ball & Exley (2011) -The policies were a mixture of 'something old, something new'. The 'old' refers to the traditional Conservative emphasis on parental choice and independence from local authorities, as well as the emphasis on traditional subjects and teaching methods. They 'new' refers to the new for that these policies took )e.g. EBacc/free schools)
- New-style academies
- After 2010, all state schools were encouraged to become independent academies that are free from local authority control and the national curriculum (poorly performing schools were forced to do this under the leadership of a high-performing neighbouring academy)
- They're the fastest growing type of school: 2014 - >56% of secondary and 11% of primary schools in England had an academy or free school status
- Free schools
- All-ability, state-funded independent schools
- Set up in response to what local people say they want and need (especially in disadvantaged areas)
- Designed to be run by groups of teachers, charities, education experts, etc.
- The pupil premium
- Introduced in 2014
- Extra money for schools who take pupils from poorer homes (FSM pupils)
- The English Baccalaureate (EBacc)
- In 2010, it became a feature of league tables to show the number of students receiving the EBacc
- Encourages schools to place an emphasis on 'core' subjects like maths, English, sciences, etc.
- 2012 - 49% of pupils sitting their GCSEs in 2014 would be studying the academic subjects making up the EBacc (22% in 2010)
- 2014 - Caused a surge in the number of pupils choosing traditional subjects for AS level (e.g. history, geogrpahy, languages)
- Conservative Party (1979-1997)
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