Forensic Psychology
- Created by: Melissawong
- Created on: 12-02-21 15:47
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- Forensic Psychology
- Dealing with Offending behaviour
- Custodial sentencing
- Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution, Rehabilitation
- Stress, depression etc are effects associated with prison time
- 57% of offenders in UK reoffend within a year
- Stress, depression etc are effects associated with prison time
- Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution, Rehabilitation
- Anger management
- CBT
- Reflect on the past
- Techniques to deal with anger
- Role play
- Positive outcomes with young offenders
- Role play
- Techniques to deal with anger
- Reflect on the past
- CBT
- Restorative justice
- Meeting between offender and victim
- Behaviour modification
- Token economy
- Tokens reinforce behaviour
- Operant conditioning
- Tokens can be exchanged when good behaviour is reinforced
- Token economy
- Custodial sentencing
- Offender Profiling
- Top-down Approach
- Aims to narrow the list of suspects
- Match crime/offender to pre-existing templates
- Organised or disorganised types of crimes based on ways of working
- Can only work on certain types of crime and not on crimes such as burglary or destruction of property
- Based on outdated models of personality - poor validity
- Bottom-up Approach
- offender profile emerges based on the data - generate a picture of offender's characteristics etc. through analysis of evidence
- Statistical analysis of crime-scene evidence - detect patterns and behaviours which are likely to occur
- Interpersonal coherence
- the way an offender behaves at the crime scene
- Geographical profiling
- inferences about offender based on location
- Circle theory uses offending locations
- inferences about offender based on location
- Evidence supports investigative psychology
- Supports geographical profiling
- Scientific basis
- Top-down Approach
- Psychological explanations
- Eysenck's Theory
- Three personality dimensions
- Criminal personality = neurotic extravert + High psychoticism
- High E and high N scorers lack ability to learn
- Personality can be measured using EPI
- Cognitive explanations
- Kohlberg
- Level of moral reasoning
- Criminals at preconventional level is characterised by a need to avoid punishment and gain rewards and less mature, childlike reasoning
- Offenders are more egocentric and show less empathy
- Level of moral reasoning
- Hostile attribution bias - ambitious situations judged as threatening
- Crime is learned through interactions with significant others
- Kohlberg
- Psychodynamic explanations
- Eysenck's Theory
- Defining And measuring Crime
- Different definitions across different cultures
- Definitions of crime changes over time, e.g. homosexuality was a crime but attitudes and laws have changed
- Official statistics are a way to measure crime
- Government records of reported crime
- Victim surveys - people's experiences of crime (the Crime Survey for England and Wales)
- Offender surveys - people self report on crimes they have committed
- Official statistics may underestimate crime
- Victim surveys provide greater degree of accuracy
- Offender surveys is the insight they provide
- Biological explations
- Atavistic Form
- Lobroso
- Cranial and other physical and emotional features
- A narrow, sloping brow
- Strong, prominent jaw
- High cheekbones
- Facial symmetry
- Dark skin
- Lombroso - 40% of criminal acts accounted for by atavistic characteristic
- Cranial and other physical and emotional features
- Lombroso argued criminal sub-type could be identified as being a possession of physiological markers
- atavistic characteristics are biologically determined
- Different type of criminals have different physical chaaracteristics
- e.g. Murderers have bloodshot eyes, curly hair and long ears
- Different type of criminals have different physical chaaracteristics
- atavistic characteristics are biologically determined
- Lobroso
- Genetic and neural explanations
- Lange - twin studies suggest genes predispose offenders to crime
- Candidate genes - serotonin and dopamine is linked to aggressive behaviour
- Diathesis-stress model
- if genes have an influence on offending, this influence is likely to be partly moderated by environmental factors
- APD - neural differences in brains of criminals and non criminals
- Atavistic Form
- Dealing with Offending behaviour
- Crimes are acts against the law
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