OCR Chemistry Salters F331
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- Created by: Michael Herron
- Created on: 15-12-12 09:55
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- F331
- Fuels
- Octane Number
- Tendency to auto-ignite
- High octane No. decreases the tendency
- Tendency to auto-ignite
- Emissions
- Hydrogen -> harmless water
- Hydrogen from electrolysis of NaCl(aq)
- Hydrocarbons -> CO2, CO, Sulphur & Nitrogen compounds
- Carbon particles from incomplete combustion
- Hydrocarbons -> CO2, CO, Sulphur & Nitrogen compounds
- Hydrogen from electrolysis of NaCl(aq)
- Hydrocarbons -> CO2, CO, Sulphur & Nitrogen compounds
- Carbon particles from incomplete combustion
- Hydrogen -> harmless water
- Functional groups
- Alcohol: C-OH
- Halogenoalkane: C-Halogen
- Aldehyde: CH=O
- Alkene: C=C
- Ketone: RCR=O
- Alkane: C-H
- Carboxylic acid: COH=O
- Ether: COC
- Octane Number
- Energy levels
- Shielding
- e's closer to a nucleus more attracted
- More energy levels cause e's to be further from the nucleus
- Spectra
- Absorption
- Black lines, coloured background.
- Emission
- Coloured lines, dark background
- e's gain energy & are excited
- They move to higher E levels
- Drop back emitting a photon
- E levels are specific
- Lines of specific frequency formed
- E levels are specific
- Drop back emitting a photon
- They move to higher E levels
- e's gain energy & are excited
- Coloured lines, dark background
- Absorption
- Shielding
- Enthalpy
- Longer chains, greater enthalpy, as more bonds broken, same No. formed of the same type.
- Fuels
- Octane Number
- Tendency to auto-ignite
- High octane No. decreases the tendency
- Tendency to auto-ignite
- Emissions
- Hydrogen -> harmless water
- Hydrogen from electrolysis of NaCl(aq)
- Hydrogen from electrolysis of NaCl(aq)
- Hydrogen -> harmless water
- Functional groups
- Alcohol: C-OH
- Halogenoalkane: C-Halogen
- Aldehyde: CH=O
- Alkene: C=C
- Ketone: RCR=O
- Alkane: C-H
- Carboxylic acid: COH=O
- Ether: COC
- Octane Number
- Fuels
- Hess's Law
- Enthalpy change is the same, regardless of the route taken, provided the conditions stay the same.
- To find the enthalpy change
- E to break all bonds in reactants = DH + E to make all bonds in products
- Catalysis
- Heterogeneous
- Different state to reactants
- Reactants are adsorbed onto the surface
- Bonds in reactants weaken and break.
- New bond for in the products
- Products diffuse away
- New bond for in the products
- Bonds in reactants weaken and break.
- Zeolites
- Porous to increase SA
- Homogeneous
- Same state as reactants
- Provide an alternate route with a lower activation energy
- Heterogeneous
- Enthalpy change with water = mcDT
- -ve's: Heat loss to surroundings, not standard conditions, incomplete combustion, evaporation from wick
- Entropy: the measure of disorder of a system, gases having the greatest entropy
- Longer chains, greater enthalpy, as more bonds broken, same No. formed of the same type.
- Shapes & Formula
- Isomers: same atoms, different shape
- Structural formula: letters & bonds
- Skeletal formula: just bonds
- Bond angles
- 2 areas of e density: 180
- 3 areas of e density: 120
- 4 areas of e density: 109
- 6 areas of e density: 90
- Areas of electron density repel to move as far away as possible from each other
- Empirical formula: simplest ratio of atoms
- Molecular formula: just letters
- Systematic name
- Longest chain on alkane
- Any functional groups added as prefix
- If more than one possible isomer, numbering always starts from the end that would give the functional groups the smallest possible number
- If there is more than one functional gorup, they are placed in alphabetical order
- If more than one possible isomer, numbering always starts from the end that would give the functional groups the smallest possible number
- Any functional groups added as prefix
- Longest chain on alkane
- Fuels
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