A2 English Language- Ethincity
- Created by: ChloeL98
- Created on: 06-02-16 09:27
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- Ethnicity and Lanuage
- Key Terms
- Argot
- The particular jargon or slang-based language variety used by a social group
- Creolisation
- The creation of a new language variety by language contact and new speakers growing up using it
- Process of Creolisation:
- Pidgin: less grammatical; used in specific contexts; no native speakers (new variation)
- Pidgin- Creole transition: pidgin (new variation) more established, used by 2nd generation native speakers (younger speakers); lexis and grammar more developed
- Creole: variety used more by ongoing generations, variation is now recognisable and similar to the source language (pidgin)
- Pidgin- Creole transition: pidgin (new variation) more established, used by 2nd generation native speakers (younger speakers); lexis and grammar more developed
- Pidgin: less grammatical; used in specific contexts; no native speakers (new variation)
- Language Contact
- Where speakers of different languages interact with one another, often resulting in some form of exchange or blending of the languages
- Pidgin
- A simplified language form created as a result of language contact, usually to support some sort of activity like trade
- Creole
- A language variety created by previous language contact and then developed over generations of users
- Code Switching
- The ability of a speaker to switch between different language varieties in their language use
- Argot
- Linguistic impacts of Language Variation
- Phonological
- Pronunciation differences, such as the glottal stop "bu'er" and the shortening of vowel sounds
- Lexical
- New or alternative words will appear from the ethnic/cultural language alongside the main source language
- Semantic
- Pejoration and amelioration of word meanings will occur
- Pejoration: Meaning of word word becomes negative over time
- Amelioration: Meaning of word becomes positive over time
- Pejoration and amelioration of word meanings will occur
- Grammatical
- Non-standard grammar such as the omission of parts of a verb phrase and non-standard syntax patterns (e.g. double negation or unusual word order) may appear
- Syntax: The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
- Non-standard grammar such as the omission of parts of a verb phrase and non-standard syntax patterns (e.g. double negation or unusual word order) may appear
- Orthographical
- Non-standard spellings will appear as varieties are represented in the written mode
- Phonological
- Theorists
- Mark Sebba (1993) - London Jamacian
- Made up of the phonological, lexical and grammatical features of:
- London English (Cockney)
- Standard English/RP
- Jamaican/ Caribbean
- Is a variety of English that evolved from the contact made between Caribbean communities and English
- Sebba idenified that this variety is popular amoung young, new-generation speakers born in London's Caribbean communities
- Made up of the phonological, lexical and grammatical features of:
- Sue Fox (2005) - Multicultural London English (MLE)
- Fox's research focused on the dialect of youths from a variety of diverse ethnic backgrounds
- Included: Caribbean, South Asian, West African, Cockney and some Polish communities too
- Her findings suggest that there is a emergence of a commonly spoken variety - Multi-Ethnic Youth Dialect (MEYD)
- Combination of several native sources (English, West Indian, West African and Bangladeshi)
- Examples: 'Blud'= mate or friend and 'Nang'= good
- Spoken by by youths from white, black, Asian Communities.
- This maybe because they share a similar socio-economic background and the same interests (music/media etc) and sub-cultures so they wan to close the gap (converge) to share an identity
- Fox's research focused on the dialect of youths from a variety of diverse ethnic backgrounds
- Labov (1966)- Overt and Covert Prestige
- Covert Prestige
- A form of status shared by minority groups in society. Usually have alternative/ opposing views to mainstream society (e.g. MLE- Non-standard)
- Unobvious
- Overt Prestige
- A form of status given to a language variety valued and shared by mainstream society and culture (e.g. Standard English/RP)
- Obvious
- NOTE: Minority groups try to adopt the prestige variety; while dominant groups adopt the opposite variety in order to fit in
- Covert Prestige
- Roger Hewitt (1982+1986)
- He studied the relations between 70 (13 -17) black and white adolescents (specifically Afro-Caribbean) in an urban environment (South London)
- His research indicated that there was a strong link between language use and ethnic identity for the 2nd British-born generation of Caribbean-by-descendants
- Evidence
- Cultural Showcasing: White youths using creole forms with other whites, similar to black vernacular showboating (showing off)
- Private Arrangements: Close friendships permitting sociolingustics violation of norms of black-white interaction
- Viv Edwards (1979+1986)
- What she found
- Creole speaking students were singled out by the teacher (had negative attitude towards non-standard form)
- Similar to Hewitt found an emergence of creole based lang variety (London Jamaican)
- Ethnicity alone is not sufficient to explain language use.
- Complex relationships between identity, culture, age, education, social class and socio-economic factors determine lang use
- Ethnicity alone is not sufficient to explain language use.
- Studied
- Also, researched creole lang use in a wider social+cultural context (16-23 year olds in West-Midlands
- Focused on 2nd gen of African- Caribbean that emerged by the late 1970s, who had been born or spent early years in Britain
- Evidence
- She saw first hand "the teacher is not prepared to recgonised the problems of a croele speaking child in a... English situation"
- In formal interviews the majority tended to see this as the most 'English Situation' so would put on Patois in those group conversations
- What she found
- Mark Sebba (1993) - London Jamacian
- Hinglish
- What occurs when standard English meets the South Asian languages
- Hindi, Urdu or Punjabi
- What occurs when standard English meets the South Asian languages
- Key Terms
- Language Contact
- Where speakers of different languages interact with one another, often resulting in some form of exchange or blending of the languages
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