Language and Gender
- Created by: prestonl
- Created on: 05-03-17 16:34
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- Language and Gender
- How men and women use language differently?
- Theories
- Zimmerman and West- Dominance Model
- Men interrupt more in order to control conversation.
- Counter- arguments
- Beatie
- Interruption shows listening
- Theories
- Zimmerman and West- Dominance Model
- Men interrupt more in order to control conversation.
- Counter- arguments
- Beatie
- Interruption shows listening
- Deborah Cameron
- Other contexts more influential than gender
- Mary Talbot
- Peter Trudgill
- Women use more prestige varients and men more non- standard varients
- Trudgill's explanations
- Women are more 'status conscious
- Men are valued for what they do rather than appearance
- Women are less socially secure and so upwards converge
- Trudgill's explanations
- Also looked at difference in social class
- Based on the word drinking and g-dropping
- Women use more prestige varients and men more non- standard varients
- Counter argues Trudgill
- Unequal encounters- women were being interviewed by a middle class man whereas a man would've felt more comfortable.
- Both concerned with appearance just differently
- Peter Trudgill
- Outdated social conventions
- Beatie
- Jenny Coates
- Men reject topics introduced by women, women accept topics introduced by men.
- Robin Lakoff- Deficit Model
- Women's language is made to be less assertive.
- Use implications, hedging and phatic language
- Women's language is made to be less assertive.
- Deborah Tannen- Difference Model
- Men's language is transactional whereas women's is interactional.
- Status vs. support
- Men assert dominance whereas women look for support
- imperatives vs hidden directives
- imperatives vs hidden directives
- Men assert dominance whereas women look for support
- Peter Trudgill
- Women use more prestige varients and men more non- standard varients
- Trudgill's explanations
- Women are more 'status conscious
- Men are valued for what they do rather than appearance
- Women are less socially secure and so upwards converge
- Trudgill's explanations
- Also looked at difference in social class
- Based on the word drinking and g-dropping
- Women use more prestige varients and men more non- standard varients
- Twitter research
- SUPPORTS A DIFFERENCE
- Emotion terms are more linked to women on twitter
- Pronouns used more- show politeness
- assent terms show a need for approval- used more by women
- Taboo language used by men
- TOO SIMPLISTIC TO HAVE A DIVIDE
- Women use more abbreviations- shows less use of prestige
- Named entities used by males were actually sports figures and therefore interactional.
- Men use more taboo language which is very expressive and shows emotion
- Based on the gender of the audience not your own gender in particular.
- SUPPORTS A DIFFERENCE
- Zimmerman and West- Dominance Model
- Deborah Cameron
- Other contexts more influential than gender
- Mary Talbot
- Counter argues Trudgill
- Unequal encounters- women were being interviewed by a middle class man whereas a man would've felt more comfortable.
- Both concerned with appearance just differently
- Outdated social conventions
- Beatie
- Jenny Coates
- Men reject topics introduced by women, women accept topics introduced by men.
- Robin Lakoff- Deficit Model
- Women's language is made to be less assertive.
- Use implications, hedging and phatic language
- Women's language is made to be less assertive.
- Deborah Tannen- Difference Model
- Men's language is transactional whereas women's is interactional.
- Status vs. support
- Men assert dominance whereas women look for support
- Men assert dominance whereas women look for support
- Twitter research
- SUPPORTS A DIFFERENCE
- Emotion terms are more linked to women on twitter
- Pronouns used more- show politeness
- assent terms show a need for approval- used more by women
- Taboo language used by men
- TOO SIMPLISTIC TO HAVE A DIVIDE
- Women use more abbreviations- shows less use of prestige
- Named entities used by males were actually sports figures and therefore interactional.
- Men use more taboo language which is very expressive and shows emotion
- Based on the gender of the audience not your own gender in particular.
- SUPPORTS A DIFFERENCE
- Zimmerman and West- Dominance Model
- Theories
- How men and women are represented differently in texts?
- Language features
- Gendered Pronouns
- He/she/it- often used deliberately.
- Marked Terms
- Not the default- usually referring to female, which instills the idea that females are not usual.
- eg. actor, actress- the female term has a diminutive suffix. suggests smaller.
- Terms of address
- Words used to refer to someone e.g. Mr, Mrs
- Mrs shows marital status whereas Mr does not.
- Words used to refer to someone e.g. Mr, Mrs
- Gendered description
- Women are often described as sweet, caring whereas men are often described as being hard, tough and powerful
- Focus on one particular representation eg. appearance over role
- Taboo Lexis
- Women should use less taboo lexis than men culturally.
- Many of the more profane words make reference to a female body.
- Compliments and phatic language
- Women use more compliments and phatic language
- Lexical Assymetry
- Master, Mistress
- Should be equal and both connote status but mistress has connotations of deceit and sexual.
- Master, Mistress
- Gendered Pronouns
- Order of precedence
- Many word pairs place the male term first eg. Husband and Wife or Lord and Lady
- Language features
- Gender is psycho-social- a social construct with psychological influence
- Sex is biological and bipolar. Meaning you cannot be more male or more female.
- Political correctness
- Avoidance of discriminatory language that is perceived to exclude, marginalise or insult.
- Opposed to because...
- Could act as a linguistic straightjacket
- People real views get masked behind PC and harbour stronger views
- Can cause judgement
- Gender Vocabulary
- Androgynous
- Having male and female characteristics
- Commensurate
- Equal in size
- Conformity
- Adjusting behaviour and thinking to coincide with a standard
- Dichotomy
- division in two parts
- Disempower
- deprive of importance
- More Gender vocab
- Institutional oppression
- Oppression which is built into, supported by and perpetuated by social institution.
- Misandry
- Hatred towards men
- Misogyny
- Hatred towards women
- Marginalise
- Social process of being confined to a lower social standing
- Objectification
- When someone is reduced to a physical object and only external qualities matter.
- supress
- to stop by force, put down
- subservaint
- subordinate in capacity or role, submissively obedient
- socialisation
- The process of learning the norms of a culture
- Privilege
- special treatment as a result of special status
- patriarchy
- a form of social organisation in which males dominate.
- Institutional oppression
- More Gender vocab
- deprive of importance
- Emasculate
- Remove male power
- Essentialist
- view of gender as fixed and natural
- fluid
- flexible and changeable
- Gender-neutral
- language which does not suggest a particular gender
- Gender Roles
- Expectations about what is appropriate behaviour for each sex
- Androgynous
- How men and women use language differently?
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