Language and Gender

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  • Created by: prestonl
  • Created on: 05-03-17 16:34
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  • Language and Gender
    • How men and women use language differently?
      • Theories
        • Zimmerman and West- Dominance Model
          • Men interrupt more in order to control conversation.
          • Counter- arguments
            • Beatie
              • Interruption shows listening
            • Theories
              • Zimmerman and West- Dominance Model
                • Men interrupt more in order to control conversation.
                • Counter- arguments
                  • Beatie
                    • Interruption shows listening
                  • Deborah Cameron
                    • Other contexts more influential than gender
                  • Mary Talbot
                    • Peter Trudgill
                      • Women use more prestige varients and men more non- standard varients
                        • Trudgill's explanations
                          • Women are more 'status conscious
                          • Men are valued for what they do rather than appearance
                          • Women are less socially secure and so upwards converge
                      • Also looked at difference in social class
                        • Based on the word drinking and g-dropping
                    • Counter argues Trudgill
                    • Unequal encounters- women were being interviewed by a middle class man whereas a man would've felt more comfortable.
                    • Both concerned with appearance just differently
                  • Outdated social conventions
              • Jenny Coates
                • Men reject topics introduced by women, women accept topics introduced by men.
              • Robin Lakoff- Deficit Model
                • Women's language is made to be less assertive.
                  • Use implications, hedging and phatic language
              • Deborah Tannen- Difference Model
                • Men's language is transactional whereas women's is interactional.
                • Status vs. support
                  • Men assert dominance whereas women look for support
                    • imperatives vs hidden directives
                  • imperatives vs hidden directives
              • Peter Trudgill
                • Women use more prestige varients and men more non- standard varients
                  • Trudgill's explanations
                    • Women are more 'status conscious
                    • Men are valued for what they do rather than appearance
                    • Women are less socially secure and so upwards converge
                • Also looked at difference in social class
                  • Based on the word drinking and g-dropping
              • Twitter research
                • SUPPORTS A DIFFERENCE
                  • Emotion terms are more linked to women on twitter
                  • Pronouns used more- show politeness
                  • assent terms show a need for approval- used more by women
                  • Taboo language used by men
                • TOO SIMPLISTIC TO HAVE A DIVIDE
                  • Women use more abbreviations- shows less use of prestige
                  • Named entities  used by males were actually sports figures and therefore interactional.
                  • Men use more taboo language which is very expressive and shows emotion
                  • Based on the gender of the audience not your own gender in particular.
            • Deborah Cameron
              • Other contexts more influential than gender
            • Mary Talbot
              • Counter argues Trudgill
              • Unequal encounters- women were being interviewed by a middle class man whereas a man would've felt more comfortable.
              • Both concerned with appearance just differently
            • Outdated social conventions
        • Jenny Coates
          • Men reject topics introduced by women, women accept topics introduced by men.
        • Robin Lakoff- Deficit Model
          • Women's language is made to be less assertive.
            • Use implications, hedging and phatic language
        • Deborah Tannen- Difference Model
          • Men's language is transactional whereas women's is interactional.
          • Status vs. support
            • Men assert dominance whereas women look for support
          • Twitter research
            • SUPPORTS A DIFFERENCE
              • Emotion terms are more linked to women on twitter
              • Pronouns used more- show politeness
              • assent terms show a need for approval- used more by women
              • Taboo language used by men
            • TOO SIMPLISTIC TO HAVE A DIVIDE
              • Women use more abbreviations- shows less use of prestige
              • Named entities  used by males were actually sports figures and therefore interactional.
              • Men use more taboo language which is very expressive and shows emotion
              • Based on the gender of the audience not your own gender in particular.
      • How men and women are represented differently in texts?
        • Language features
          • Gendered Pronouns
            • He/she/it- often used deliberately.
          • Marked Terms
            • Not the default- usually referring to female, which instills the idea that females are not usual.
            • eg. actor, actress- the female term has a diminutive suffix. suggests smaller.
          • Terms of address
            • Words used to refer to someone e.g. Mr, Mrs
              • Mrs shows marital status whereas Mr does not.
          • Gendered description
            • Women are often described as sweet, caring whereas men are often described as being hard, tough and powerful
            • Focus on one particular representation eg. appearance over role
          • Taboo Lexis
            • Women should use less taboo lexis than men culturally.
            • Many of the more profane words make reference to a female body.
          • Compliments and phatic language
            • Women use more compliments and phatic language
          • Lexical Assymetry
            • Master, Mistress
              • Should be equal and both connote status but mistress has connotations of deceit and sexual.
        • Order of precedence
          • Many word pairs place the male term first eg. Husband and Wife or Lord and Lady
      • Gender is psycho-social- a social construct with psychological influence
        • Sex is biological and bipolar. Meaning you cannot be more male or more female.
      • Political correctness
        • Avoidance of discriminatory language that is perceived to exclude, marginalise or insult.
        • Opposed to because...
          • Could act as a linguistic straightjacket
          • People real views get masked behind PC and harbour stronger views
          • Can cause judgement
      • Gender Vocabulary
        • Androgynous
          • Having male and female characteristics
        • Commensurate
          • Equal in size
        • Conformity
          • Adjusting behaviour and thinking to coincide with a standard
        • Dichotomy
          • division in two parts
        • Disempower
          • deprive of importance
            • More Gender vocab
              • Institutional oppression
                • Oppression which is built into, supported by and perpetuated by social institution.
              • Misandry
                • Hatred towards men
              • Misogyny
                • Hatred towards women
              • Marginalise
                • Social process of being confined to a lower social standing
              • Objectification
                • When someone is reduced to a physical object and only external qualities matter.
              • supress
                • to stop by force, put down
              • subservaint
                • subordinate in capacity or role, submissively obedient
              • socialisation
                • The process of learning the norms of a culture
              • Privilege
                • special treatment as a result of special status
              • patriarchy
                • a form of social organisation in which males dominate.
        • Emasculate
          • Remove male power
        • Essentialist
          • view of gender as fixed and natural
        • fluid
          • flexible and changeable
        • Gender-neutral
          • language which does not suggest a particular gender
        • Gender Roles
          • Expectations about what is appropriate behaviour for each sex

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