Cognitive Approach - summary
- Created by: georgiasadler
- Created on: 05-05-14 13:48
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- COGNITIVE APPROACH - SUMMARY
- Methodology
- Experiment types
- Laboratory experiment
- Field experiment
- natural for participant
- Natural experiment
- Variables
- Independent - changed
- Dependent - measure
- Extraneous - any variable apart from IV that can influence findings
- Situational - noise, lighting, location etc
- Participant - individual differences - motivation etc
- Operationalisation
- defining precisely how you will measure DV and alter IV
- Participant designs
- Independent groups
- only one experimental condition is tested on one group of participants
- Repeated measures
- same participants used in all experimental conditions
- Matched pairs
- same as independent groups but all participants are matched
- Independent groups
- Order effects
- occur when participants take part in all experimental conditions - practice & fatigue
- Counterbalancing
- participants divided equally between conditions
- Randomisation
- participants randomly assigned to a condition
- Experiment types
- Levels of Processing - Craik and Lockhart
- Maintenance rehearsal
- unlikely to result in a strong memory
- Elaborate rehearsal
- deeper consideration
- giving it a meaning
- more likely to result in strong memory
- Central Processor
- determines how information is processed
- Maintenance rehearsal
- Content
- Atkinson & Shiffrin - Multi-store Model of memory
- Sensory memory
- information from senses
- 1/4 -1/2 a second
- very large capacity
- information decays unless attended to
- Short term memory
- 18-30 seconds - Peterson & Peterson
- 7 +/- 2 items - Miller
- if rehearsed for 30 seconds, enters long term
- decay
- displaced
- Long term memory
- unlimited
- forever
- retrieval failure
- Sensory memory
- Cue-dependent forgetting
- cannot recall a certain memory because the cues are not there
- Contex-dependent forgetting
- contextual cues not present - environment
- State-dependent forgetting
- not in same physical/emotional state
- Atkinson & Shiffrin - Multi-store Model of memory
- Studies in detail
- Godden & Baddeley - context dependent memory 1975
- 13.5 dry dry
- 11.4 wet wet
- 8.6 dry wet
- 8.4 wet dry
- Craik & Tulving - Levels of Processing 1975
- semantic - 65%
- phonetic - 36%
- structural - 17%
- Godden & Baddeley - context dependent memory 1975
- Key issue
- Is eye witness testimony reliable?
- Elizabeth Loftus - weapon focus
- Cue-dependent - may not be cues present or may be in a different state
- Bartlett - reconstructive memory
- Elizabeth Loftus - leading questions
- Levels of processing - may not have elaborately rehearsed information
- Methodology
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