Class Differences In Achievement
- Created by: Summer_
- Created on: 31-03-16 16:24
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- Class Differences in achievement
- INTERNAL factors
- Labelling
- BECKER
- Teachers would label pupils on what they thought was the 'ideal pupil' this was usually a middle-class student
- RIST
- Primary school teacher used info from a child's home background to put them in separate groups, working-class ones were sat furtherest away with fewer books and less opportunities
- KEDDIE
- Although curriculum is the same, teachers give positively labelled pupils more abstract knowledge
- MARXISTS
- However their labels stem from the fact teachers work in a system that reproduces class divisions
- CONTRAST- MARY FULLER
- Her study on yr 11 black girls who rejected labels given to them by teachers (NEGATING SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY)
- Illustrates that the labelling theory isn't always true
- Her study on yr 11 black girls who rejected labels given to them by teachers (NEGATING SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY)
- GILLBOURNE & YOUDELL
- 'A*- C economy' schools ration time and effort on those who are going to achieve 5 A*- C grades & boost league table position. they call this the 'EDUCATIONAL TRIAGE'
- Categorise pupils into those who will pass anyway, those with potential and the hopeless cases. This could create a self-fulfilling prophecy
- Labelling
- BECKER
- Teachers would label pupils on what they thought was the 'ideal pupil' this was usually a middle-class student
- RIST
- Primary school teacher used info from a child's home background to put them in separate groups, working-class ones were sat furtherest away with fewer books and less opportunities
- KEDDIE
- Although curriculum is the same, teachers give positively labelled pupils more abstract knowledge
- MARXISTS
- However their labels stem from the fact teachers work in a system that reproduces class divisions
- CONTRAST- MARY FULLER
- Her study on yr 11 black girls who rejected labels given to them by teachers (NEGATING SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY)
- Illustrates that the labelling theory isn't always true
- Her study on yr 11 black girls who rejected labels given to them by teachers (NEGATING SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY)
- GILLBOURNE & YOUDELL
- 'A*- C economy' schools ration time and effort on those who are going to achieve 5 A*- C grades & boost league table position. they call this the 'EDUCATIONAL TRIAGE'
- Categorise pupils into those who will pass anyway, those with potential and the hopeless cases. This could create a self-fulfilling prophecy
- Categorise pupils into those who will pass anyway, those with potential and the hopeless cases. This could create a self-fulfilling prophecy
- 'A*- C economy' schools ration time and effort on those who are going to achieve 5 A*- C grades & boost league table position. they call this the 'EDUCATIONAL TRIAGE'
- BECKER
- Labelling
- Categorise pupils into those who will pass anyway, those with potential and the hopeless cases. This could create a self-fulfilling prophecy
- 'A*- C economy' schools ration time and effort on those who are going to achieve 5 A*- C grades & boost league table position. they call this the 'EDUCATIONAL TRIAGE'
- BECKER
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- ROSENTHAL & JACOBSON
- Made false test that identified some children that were going to do well, it came true because the teacher treated these pupils accordingly which helped them improve
- BECKER
- Working- class pupils are put in a lower stream as they aren't seen as 'ideal pupils' they feel like they have been given up on so create a Negative Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- DOUGLAS
- Pupils put in a lower stream aged 8 had a decline in their IQ score by 11
- ROSENTHAL & JACOBSON
- Pupil Subcultures
- LACEY
- DIFFERENTIATION- teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability
- POLARISATION- how pupils respond to streaming, moving from one extreme to the other
- BALL
- If streaming was abolished, the influence of anti-school subcultures would decline
- Pupils placed in higher streams (usually middle-class pupils) created a pro-school subculture & abide by the rules and regulations, leads to positive self-fulfilling prophecy
- Pupils in lower streams (usually working-class pupils) created a anti-school subculture, which led to a self-fulfilling prophecy of educational failure
- LACEY
- Marketisation & Social Policies
- Image- some schools use a traditional image to attract middle-class parents
- Competition- marketisation created competition to get the best league table results and attract middle-class parents
- Better schools can can cream-skin to get middle-class pupils and silt-shift the working-class pupils, which disadvantages the working-class pupils
- BARTLETT
- Cream-skimming and silt-shifting schools select high-ability students, offloading the less attractive students (not the 'ideal pupils' and those with learning difficulties to other schools to avoid expense and bad results
- BARTLETT
- Better schools can can cream-skin to get middle-class pupils and silt-shift the working-class pupils, which disadvantages the working-class pupils
- Labelling
- EXTERNAL factors
- Cultural Deprivation
- SUGARMAN
- Attitudes & Values- working class parents don't value education
- BERNSTIEN
- Intellectual Development- Toys
- Language- Restricted & Elaborated codes
- SUGARMAN
- Material Deprivation
- Housing- overcrowding, harder to study, health effects
- HOWARD
- Diet & Health- poor nutrition, lower energy levels, more prone to illness
- FLAHERTY
- Financial Support- lack of equipment, unable to go on trips, stigma attached to free school meals
- Cultural Capital
- BOURDIEU
- Cultural Capital- socialisation of middle-class develop intellectual interests to help with education, puts them at an advantage
- LEECH & CAMPOS
- Educational and Economic Capital- middle-class children are better equipped to meet the demands of the school curriculum
- GERWITZ
- Marketisation & Parental Choice
- Middle-class parents are privileged school choosers, used their economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital.
- They know how schools work and the importance of meeting deadlines
- Disconnected local choosers- working-class parents didn't understand school admissions, didn't know the choices and were restricted by travel costs so sent kids to local comprehensive
- They know how schools work and the importance of meeting deadlines
- Semi-skilled choosers- ambitious working class parents, lacked culture capital so relied on help of others
- Middle-class parents are privileged school choosers, used their economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital.
- Marketisation & Parental Choice
- BOURDIEU
- Cultural Deprivation
- INTERNAL factors
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