OCR Gateway B- C1

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  • Chemistry 1
    • Making crude oil useful
      • Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons
        • Bigger molecules have stronger molecular forces,so have higher boiling points
      • Fossil fuels are finite resources.
      • Crude oil is separated by fractional distillation.
        • Fractions with low boiling point 'exit' at the top. Fractions with high boiling points 'exit' at the bottom.
      • Cracking helps meet supply and demand for products. This converts large alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules.
    • Fuels and clean air
      • The atmosphere contains: 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen and 0.035% Carbon Dioxide.
      • Key factors of a fuel: energy value, availability, storage, toxicity, pollution causedand ease of use.
      • If hydrocarbons burn in enough oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are made. In an experiment, carbon dioxide will be tested with limewater; it turns it milky.
      • The original atmosphere is from the degassing of volcanoes which were rich in carbon dioxide and water. The water condensed to form oceans. The photosynthetic organisms helped to increase the levels of oxygen.
    • Polymers
      • Alkanes are hydrocarbons which contain only single covalent bonds
      • Addition polymers are made when alkenes monomer molecules react together under high pressure and with a catalyst.
      • Plastics that have weak intermolecular forces between the polymer molecules can easily be stretched as the polymer molecules can easily slide over each other. Rigid polymers have cross-linking bridges
      • Nylon and GORE-TEX are polymers with suitable properties for particular uses. Nylon is tough,lightweight and keeps water and UV light out. GORE-TEX has all these properties but allows some water vapor to pass out so that sweat doesn't condense.
    • Food, smells and paint
      • Protein molecules in eggs and meat denature when they're cooked. the change of shape of the protein molecules is permanent.
      • Emulsifiers have a hydrophilic (water loving) head and a hydrophobic (oil loving) tail keep oil and water from separating.
      • Perfumes need to be able to evaporate easily. To do this particles need sufficient kinetic energy to overcome their attraction to other molecules in the liquid.
      • Paints are colloids as the particles are mixed and dispersed through it but aren't dissolved. Thermometric pigment change colour based on heat and Phosphorescent paints glow in the dark.

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