Cellular Organisation and Specialisation
- Created by: Freja
- Created on: 10-04-21 14:34
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- Cellular Organisation and Specialisation
- Specialised Animal Cells
- Erythrocytes-red blood cells
- They have a biconcave shape, which increases the surface area to volume ratio and this is essential for transporting oxygen
- They are also flexible, so they can squeeze through narrow capillaries
- Neutrophils- a type of red blood cell
- They have a multi-lobed nucleus, which makes it easier for them to squeeze through small gaps
- The granular cytoplasm contains many lysosomes to attack pathogens
- Sperm cells- male gamete
- Function: to deliver genetic information to the egg
- The acrosome contains digestive enzymes to digest protective layers of ovum
- They contain mitochondria, to supply energy for swimming
- They have flagellum (or tails), so they are capable of movement
- Erythrocytes-red blood cells
- Specialised Plant Cells
- Guard Cells- called stomata
- Function: are necessary for CO2 to enter plants for photosyn-thesis
- When guard cells lose water and become less swollen, they change shape to prevent further water loss
- The cell wall is thicker on one side, so the cell doesn't change shape symmetrically as its volume changes
- Root Hair cells- present at the surfaces of roots
- Has long extensions, to increase the surface area of the cell and the uptake of water and minerals from the soil is maximised
- Palisade Cells- present in mesophyll
- Contains chloroplasts to absorb large amounts of light
- They have a rectangular shape, so they can pack more closely together
- They have thin cell walls, to increase the rate of diffusion
- Chloroplasts can move to absorb more light
- They contain a large vacuole, to maintain turgor pressure
- Guard Cells- called stomata
- Specialised Animal Tissues
- Squamous epithelium- made up of specialised squamous epithelium cells
- It is very thin, as it is only one cell thick
- It is present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential
- It forms the lining of the lungs and allows rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood
- Ciliated Epithelium- made up of ciliated epithelial cells
- They have hair like structures on one sides, which move in a rhythmic movement
- They line the trachea, which sweeps mucus away from the lungs
- Goblet cells release mucus to trap unwanted particles in the air, this prevents the particles from reaching the alveoli once inside the lungs
- Muscle
- Muscle must be able to contract in order to move
- Skeletal muscles contain myofibrils, which contain contractile proteins
- Cartilage- a connective tissue found in the outer ear and nose
- Contains fibres of elastin and collagen
- It is a firm connective tissue made of chondrocyte cells embedded in an extracellular matrix
- Cartilage prevents the ends of bones rubbing together and causing damage
- Squamous epithelium- made up of specialised squamous epithelium cells
- Specialised Plant Tissue
- Epidermis
- A single layer of closely packed cells, which covers the surface of the plant
- It is covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle, which reduces water loss
- Stomata are present, which allows CO2, water vapour and O2 to move in and out
- Xylem Tissue- a type of vascular tissue
- Is responsible for the transport of water and minerals
- The tissue is composed of vessels, which are elongated dead cells
- The cell walls are strengthened with lignin, which provides structural support for plants
- Phloem Tissue- a type of vascular tissue
- Is responsible for the transport of organic nutrients, from where its made by photosyn-thesis to where its needed
- It is composed of columns of sieve tube cells, seperated by perforated called sieve plates
- Epidermis
- Specialised Animal Cells
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