GCSE: OCR gateway: C3: Batch and continuous + allotropes of carbon and nanaochemistry
- Created by: 09tvzutphen
- Created on: 09-04-14 22:00
View mindmap
- C3
- Batch/ Continuous
- Processing
- Continuous
- Large amounts of product 24 hrs a day, 7 days a week
- In large plants with good transport links
- Highly automated
- Minimal labour costs
- Makes product cheaper
- Less energy to maintain as long as proccess is kept running
- Disadvantages
- Process inefficient if not in constant use
- High initial building and setup cost
- Batch
- Fixed amount made
- Batches can be made and stored until needed
- Allows quantities to be made that can be sold within given sellby date
- Easy to make new batch when needed
- Easy to change production into different product
- Disadavantages
- Each batch has to be supervised
- Labour intensive
- Costly
- Time needed for cleaning if product line is changed
- Inefficient; production not in use all the time
- Each batch has to be supervised
- Continuous
- Why are medicines expensive?
- Takes 10 yrs to develop and test drug + each country has different laws on drugs
- many compounds need to be made before one is useful to develop
- Raw materials rare and costly
- Many raw materials found in plants so are difficult to extract
- Extracting chemicals from a plant
- Crush plant to break cell walls
- Boiling in sustanble solvents to dissolve compounds
- Chromatography used to separate/identify different compounds
- Isolating/ purifying/ testing potentially useful compounds
- Thin layer chromatography used to test purity of compound by comparing it to the speed to movement of a known pure sample
- Chromatography used to separate/identify different compounds
- Boiling in sustanble solvents to dissolve compounds
- Crush plant to break cell walls
- Drug Development
- Difficult and costly to licence drugs
- Thosands of compounds tested before finding effective ones
- Compounds need to be tested on living tissue to ensure safety
- Long term trials on humans needed to find side effects
- Many similar compounds developed to reduce side effects
- Recommended doses need to be prooven effective
- Research needs to be independently verified
- Difficult and costly to licence drugs
- Processing
- Allotropes of Carbon and Nanochemistry
- Allotropes
- Different structures of same element
- Fullerenes are carbon spherical/tubular structures
- Uses
- Carry and deliver drug molecules around the body
- Buckmisterfull-erene = C60
- Uses
- Why diamonds and graphite are useful
- Diamonds
- Every atom has strong covalent bonds
- Hardest known substance
- So good for cutting tools and jewellery
- Have natural imperfections that form cleaving plates which allow them to be shaped
- Graphite
- Bonds make layers
- Layers slide over one another and has high melting point
- So good for pencils and high temperature lubricant
- Diamonds
- Explaining the properties of diamond and graphite
- Diamond
- No electrons so diamond does not conduct electricity
- Covelent bonds make it hard and have a high melting point
- Giant covelent bonding involves electron sharing; each C atom in diamond is covelently bonded to 4 others
- This is done in a 3 dimentional tetrahedral lattice with all the outer electrons shared
- Graphite
- Each carbon atom bonded to 3 others in hexagonal layers
- Properties
- Covelent bonds make melting point similar to diamond
- Delocalised electrons; cood conductor
- When force is applied weak forces between layers slide over one another; slippery nature makes it a good lubricant
- Diamond
- Giant molecular structures
- Nanotubes used in catalyst systems; atoms of catalyst can be attached to large surface areas on nanotubes
- Allotropes
- Batch/ Continuous
Comments
No comments have yet been made