How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?
Increasing the concentration means there are more particles in the same space so they will be more CROWDED. Means more successful collisions = increased collision frequency -> faster rate of reaction.
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How does Temperature affect the rate of reaction?
Increasing the temperature means the particles will have more KINETIC ENERGY so they move around faster = more successful collisions --> higher collision frequency and faster rate of reaction.
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How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?
Increasing the surface area means more particles are EXPOSED = more successful collisions --> increased collision frequency so faster rate of reaction
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What is the limiting reactant?
The reactant that gets used up first
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What is an Endothermic reaction?
Takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by the fall in temperature
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What is an Exothermic reaction?
Gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, shown by the rise in temperature.
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What is endothermic reaction in terms of energy?
Energy must be supplied to break existing bonds - so bond breaking.
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What is an exothermic reaction in terms of energy?
Energy is released when new bonds are formed - so bond formation.
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Calculation for energy transferred?
Energy transferred = Mass of water x 4.2 x Temperature change
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Calculation for energy given out per gram?
Energy given out per gram = Energy released / Mass of fuel burned
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How to calculate the percentage yield?
Actual yield / Predicted yield x 100
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Why is a high percentage yield important?
Important because it reduces wasting reactants
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How to calculate atom economy?
Molecular mass of the desired product/ Sum of molecular masses of all products x100
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Why is a high atom economy important?
Important because it makes process more sustainable and reduces production of unwanted substances
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What does it mean by '100% atom economy'?
Occurs when only one product (desired product) is made.
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4 things about the Batch process?
Makes smaller amounts. Flexible - can make what you want to meet demands. Used to make medicines. More expensive -higher wage costs
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5 things about the continuous process?
Make large amounts of product. Product can be made 24/7. Used to make ammonia. Less flexible. Cheaper - lower cost for wages.
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How to extract drugs?
Crush the plant cells to break the cell wall. This then dissolves the cell contents in a suitable solvent. Then you separate the chemical you want using chromatography.
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What are allotropes?
Different structural forms of the same element.
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Examples of carbon allotropes?
Fullerenes, graphite and diamond
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3 Properties of diamond?
Used for tools. Has a high melting point. Strong covalent bonds
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4 properties of graphite?
Slippery.Used as a lubricant for machines/pencils. Strong bond between the carbons in each layer BUT weak bonds between the layers, so the layers slide past eachother. Conducts electricity.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How does Temperature affect the rate of reaction?
Back
Increasing the temperature means the particles will have more KINETIC ENERGY so they move around faster = more successful collisions --> higher collision frequency and faster rate of reaction.
Card 3
Front
How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?
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