Brunner et al

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Brunner et al - genetic abnormality
- Five affected males from one family
Netherlands
- Brunner et al - genetic abnormality
  - Five affected males from one family
borderline mental retardation and abnormal violent behaviour
- Netherlands
Data Collected
analysis of urine samples
- Data Collected
24 Hours
Results
disturbed monoamine metabolism
- Results
deficit of the enzyme monoamine oxidase A
Point Mutation identified in the X Chromosome
- In the gene responsible for MAOA production
Conclusion
MAOA is involved in serotonin metabolism
- Conclusion
Responsible for the mental retardation
- MAOA is involved in serotonin metabolism
associated with recognizable behavioral phenotype
Inability to regulate aggression
- associated with recognizable behavioral phenotype
Not all family members with mental retardation were violent
- Responsible for the mental retardation
Cannot be generalized
- Not all family members with mental retardation were violent
Christiansen
Monozygotic - (identical) 52% concordance with criminality
- Christiansen
dizygotic - 22% concordance
Price et al XXY Chromosomes
Small sample size
Objective and reliable
- analysis of urine samples
Only Looks at Biological - Reductionist
Could Provide medication
Increased Internal and External Validity
Ethnocentric
Unrepresentative
- Small sample size
Concurrent Validity Increased
- Price et al XXY Chromosomes
Both found Biological links with crime
- Concurrent Validity Increased

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