Biology: The Living Body
- Created by: William Page-Brown
- Created on: 07-04-13 15:38
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- Biology: the living body
- bones and cartilage
- skeleton advantages:easily grows, attach muscles, more flexible, framework
- made from living cells so can repair
- long bones are hollow
- contain bone marrow which makes blood cells
- made as cartilage
- ossification turns cartilage into bone
- dont move broken bones
- joints and muscles
- synovial joints are connected by ligaments
- ends covered in cartilage
- synovial fluid to lubricate
- bones to muscles by tendons
- antagonistic pairs
- circulatory systems
- away - arteries - towards - veins
- humans need four chambered hearts
- blood goes separately to body and lungs
- the cardiac cycle and circulation
- 1) blood flows into atria
- 2) atria contract pushing blood into ventricles
- 3) ventricles contract pushing blood into pulmonary artery
- 4) cycle repeats again
- claudius galen and william harvey
- heart rate
- sino atrial node contracts atria
- atrio ventricular node contracts ventricles
- ECG's show electrical activity
- echocardiogram is an ultrasound
- heart disease
- hole in heart
- valve damage
- coronary heart disease
- artificial parts can be used rather than transplants
- blood clotting and transfusions
- platelets help the blood clot
- if different blood types are mixed can clump
- transplants and organ donation
- donors must: be young, have similar weight, close tissue match
- donors must be alive or recently dead
- the immune system may reject
- immuno suppressive drugs help
- there are some ethical issues
- organ donation and organ replacement
- problems: shortage or organs, shortage of donors, wrong criteria
- mechanical replacements: heart lung machines, dialysis, ventilators
- need constant power, large, cause inflamation
- the respiratory system
- muscles contract and one inspires
- muscles relax and one expires
- lung capacity can be measured with a spirometer
- lungs usually contain 6 litres of oxygen
- more on the respiratory system
- gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
- oxygen and carbon dioxide is diffused
- alveoli have: large surface area, moist surface, permeable, thin, good blood supply
- amphibians use skin for gas exchange
- fish use gills for gas exchange
- lung disease
- cilia and mucus protect the lungs from infection
- asbestos can cause diseae
- cystic fibrosis is inherited
- smoking can cause lung cancer
- asthmatics lungs are very sensitive to things
- digestion
- large molecules are broken into smaller ones and absorbed
- chemical digestion involves enzymes
- charbohydrases break carbohydrates into simple sugars
- proteases break proteins into amino acids
- lipases break fats into fatty acids and glycerol
- more on digestion
- enzymes need optimum pH
- bile made in the liver helps fat digestion
- glucose and amino acids diffuse into blood plasma
- small intestine has: big surface area, very long, permeable, has microvilli
- the kidneys
- remove urea, adjust salt levels, adjust water content in blood
- blood is filtered in the kidneys
- substances are reabsorbed: sugar, salt, water
- waste products are emptied through urine
- waste removal
- hormones control amount of water absorbed
- hormones are released accordingly
- concentration of urine depends on, heat, exercise, water intake
- dialysis filters blood mechanically
- the menstrual cycle
- 1) menstruation starts
- 2) uterus lining builds up
- 3) an egg is released
- 4) the wall is maintained
- controlled by: FSH, oestrogen, LH
- controlling fertility
- the pill contains oestrogen to prevent the release of an egg
- sperm can be placed in the uterus
- FSH injections to stimulate production
- IVF to fertalise the egg outside of the body
- ovary transplants if you dont have any
- more on growth
- influenced by diet
- exercise can affect growth
- some factors are inherited
- people are now living longer
- bones and cartilage
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