B1.1 GCSE
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- Created on: 15-05-16 18:20
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- B1.1
- Defense Mechanisms
- White blood cells are part of the immune system. They do 3 things to defend the body.
- They can ingest pathogens. This means the digest and destroy them.
- They produce antibodies to help destroy particular pathogens.
- They produce antitoxins to counteract with the toxins the pathogens produced.
- The skin prevents pathogens getting into the body.
- Pathogens are also trapped by mucus and killed by stomach acid
- White blood cells are part of the immune system. They do 3 things to defend the body.
- Immunity
- Dead or inactive pathogens are used to make a vaccine. They are often injected.
- The antigens in the vaccine stimulate your white blood cells into making antibodies.
- This makes the person immune to futher infections by the pathogen. That's because your body can respond quicky by producing more pathogens.
- Drugs to treat disease
- Antibodies kill infective bacteria in the body
- Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928
- Viruses are difficult to kill because they are inside the bodies cells.
- Any treatment could also damage the bodies cells
- Inheritance, exercise and weight
- Metabolic rate is the rate at which chemical reactions occur in the bodies cells.
- Your metabolic rate can be affected by:
- Genes inherited by parents
- Muscle to fat ratio
- Age
- Gender
- Your metabolic rate can be affected by:
- Food contains energy, and any excess energy is stored in your body as fat
- By exercising regularly a person can increase their metabolic rate and lower fat cholesterol levels.
- Metabolic rate is the rate at which chemical reactions occur in the bodies cells.
- Diet and Exercise
- A healthy diet has the right balance of food types.
- If the diet is unbalanced a person can become malnourished.
- Carbohydrate fat and protein are used by the body to release energy and to build cells.
- Minerals, ions and vitamins are needed to keep the body healthy.
- Weight Problems
- If the energy you take in equals the energy you use then your mass will stay the same.
- Long term obesity can lead to severe health problems including Type 2 diabetes.
- Some people have too little food. They may suffer from deficiency diseases due to the lack of vitamins and minerals.
- A healthy diet has the right balance of food types.
- Changing Pathogens
- Some pathogens, particulary viruses, can mutate resulting in a new form called mutation
- Very few people are immune to these changed pathogens so disease can spread quickly.
- Diseases that spread within a country result in an epidemic. Those that spread accross countries result in a pandemic
- Defense Mechanisms
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