Aristotle Four Causes, Prime Mover, Criticisms, Strengths

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  • Aristotle
    • Four causes
      • Material Cause - (first) explains what made from
      • Formal Cause - (second) essence of shape something takes / identifying features
        • Efficient cause (third) explains activity that makes something happens changes ACTUALITY to POTENTIALITY
          • Final cause (fourth) somethings purpose for existing. Telos.
    • Prime Mover
      • The first of all substances
      • Depends on nothing else
      • Exists necessarily
      • Immaterial
      • Transcendent
      • Ultimate reason and telos for everything
      • Final Cause of universe
      • Causes change but doesn't change itself
      • Is different from God because not involved e.g answering prayers
    • Criticisms
      • His writing lacks clarity because we only have fragments of it
      • Relies too heavily on sense
      • Doesn't have to be a reason for everything
        • Russell 'the universe is just there and that is all'
      • Dawkins rejects that the universe has a telos
      • Universe due to chance not Prime Mover?
      • Aristotle's explanation not only possible explanation
    • Strengths
      • Lays groundwork for later philosophers about cause and effect
      • Gives confidence to scientific observation through observation
      • Combining reason and sense can be best way to learn about world

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