15 - Mary I and her Ministers
- Created by: Becca Newman
- Created on: 07-03-20 13:36
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- Mary I and her Ministers
- Royal Authorities under Mary I
- Popular support for Mary appeared quickly when Lady Jane Grey became Queen
- Haigh - 'to the surprise and embarrassment of those politicians and local leaders who had supposed that there was no choice but to obey Northumberland, mary was swept to power by a revolution'
- The Failure of the Devyse
- Northumberland had attempted to interfere with the natural succession
- He had done this through promoting his son's wife
- Portrayed as his own attempts for power
- Northumberland had little support
- Royal Government under Mary I
- Mary's succession was greeted favourably
- It's debatable if the people prefered her or the Catholic faith
- Problems in inheriting the Kingdom
- England had religious divisions
- She was a Catholic in a country with a significant Protestant minority
- She had little political instinct and wasn't raised to rule
- Her loyal supporters had no serious experience in government
- Robert Rochester; Edward Waldegrave; Jerningham; Bedingfield
- She would have to rely on those who served Edward
- Mary's New Councillors
- Bishop Stephen Gardiner - her father's secretary + an upholder of religious conservatism
- Churchmen excluded from influence under Edward
- Some conservative councillors who had served under Edward (eg. Paget)
- She appointed 50 councillors - inefficient
- Mary's succession was greeted favourably
- She relied heavily on Philip and Simon Renard (Charles V's ambassador)
- Mary was never quite at ease with her councillors
- Paget's lack of confidence in her religious programme meant she lost confidence in him
- Gardiner hadn't supported Mary's mother in the break from Rome so she didn't trust him
- But she regarded him as indispensable and his death in 1555 left a gap
- Cardinal Pole distanced himself from secualr issues
- Around 80 MPs opposed the reversal of Edward's religious reforms
- Concern for property rights and self-interest ensured that ex-monastic property would not be restored to the Church
- Mary didn't press this issue
- A 1555 bill to allow the seizure of the property of Protestant exiles was defeated
- Popular support for Mary appeared quickly when Lady Jane Grey became Queen
- Problems of Succession
- The Spanish Marriage 1554
- Mary thought it was essential to produce a Catholic heir so she needed to marry quickly
- Edward Courtenay (Earl of Devon) was the only English suitor
- But marriage to an Englishman threatened factional rivalries
- Courtenay lacked courtly skills
- Edward Courtenay (Earl of Devon) was the only English suitor
- Mary preferred Philip of Spain - Renard reinforced her view
- Charles V (Mary's cousin) was keen for Mary to marry his son
- Philip was less keen but willing to do his duty
- Charles V (Mary's cousin) was keen for Mary to marry his son
- The English public weren't keen + parliament attempted to dissuade Mary
- The Marriage Treaty
- Philip would be given the title King but without its powers
- No foreigners could hold English Office
- If Mary died before Philip he would have no claim to the throne
- They married 25 July 1554
- English courtiers were hostile + Philip married a woman 11 years older than him
- Parliament 1554 rejected a bill including Philip in a treason law + prevented his coronation as King
- Mary thought it was essential to produce a Catholic heir so she needed to marry quickly
- Plans for The Succession
- Mary overthrowing LJG restored Henry VII's 1554 Succession Act
- So the protestant Elizabeth would be Mary's successor if she had no children
- Mary disliked Elizabeth as she represented the breakdown of her mother's marriage + saw her as only illegitimate
- After Wyatt's Rebellion Elizabeth was put in the Tower
- She was released after 2 months as Mary had no proof she was guilty
- She failed to change the succession through act of parliament
- Bth Mary and Philip had to accept Elizabeth as the successor
- Elizabeth had been confined to Brocket hall - but lived comfortably with visitors and knew she was going to be the next Queen
- Mary overthrowing LJG restored Henry VII's 1554 Succession Act
- The Spanish Marriage 1554
- Relations with Foreign Powers
- She had two foreign policy aims
- Restore England to Papal Supremacy
- To marry Philip
- She achieved both aims, it took longer than she expected + the 2 aims conflicted each other
- England was dragged into a war against France
- As well as the anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV which threatened Mary's plans for returning to Papal Supremacy
- 1557 England declared war on France
- Many nobility were excited as this offered opportunities to gain favour
- Militarily the war began well
- Aided the Spanish at the siege of St Quentin + dealt easily with a minor Scottish invasion
- 1558 they lost Calais
- An attack on the port of Brest in 1558 Summer failed
- She had two foreign policy aims
- Royal Authorities under Mary I
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