6. What did Blockland and Niewbeerta note in 2005?
That work, marriage and children exerted a general reduction in offending, but only in certain groups.
That a job, higher education and a new partner reduced criminality in most instances.
7. In what year did the police come into operation?
1811
1894
1829
1873
8. What did Nagin, Farrington and Moffitt (1995) note?
That desistance cannot be measured objectively.
That there is a discrepancy between police figures and self-reported desistance.
That desistance is like a pension.
9. In which year did Rutherford say that there had been a successful revolution?
1994
1992
1993
1995
10. In the 18th century there was a move from...
the natural child to wage earner.
the romantic to natural child.
the natural to romantic child.
the pure to evangelical child.
11. What were the key features of the Industrial Revolution?
Large numbers of people moved to cities, children were exploited and the conflict between 'innocence' and 'experience' began.
Children began working in factories from as young as four or five.
There was an increase in vagrancy, street urchins and troublesome children hanging around.
Pollution of the atmosphere increased and there was an increase in disease.
12. What did Newburn (1997) attribute the 18% drop in youth custody in the 1980s to?
The nature of crime was changing in the 1980s to mean that less crime was committed covertly, and thus was not detectable by the police.
The restriction on custody created by the Criminal Justice Act 1982, the intermediate treatment offered as an alternative to custody and the diversion from court.
The fact that less youths were committing crime due to cultural changes.
13. What was the name of Sampson and Laub's (2003) theory?
'Juvenile Grade'
'Age Grade'
'Childhood Grade'
'Youth Grade'
14. Which criminologist questioned the 'child savers' in 1977?
Blockland and Niewbeerta
Gottfredson and Hirschi
Platt
Matza
15. What four risk factors did the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 state?
Maladjusted child, problem families, neglect leads to delinquency and focusing on welfare.
Delinquency, the influence of friends, neglectful parenting and inadequacy at school.
Drugs, having a criminal family, learning to commit crime from others and an abusive childhood.
16. In which year did Bowlby write that the key to healthy development is a continuous relationship with the mother?
1953
1921
1944
1939
17. What are the characteristics of Moffitt's 'adolescent limited' group?
The AL group uses crime and anti-social behaviour to gain status.
Crime and anti-social behaviour are part of growing up.
Crime and anti-social behaviour is ingrained in the AL group.
18. In which year did Vaillant make an observation about desistance in alcoholics?
1991
1995
1996
1994
19. What did Laub, Nagin and Sampson (2003) compare desistance to?
Investment
A stock
A pension
Currency
20. Which Act created separate courts for youths and adults?
