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6. What was the felicific calculus also known as?
- The 'hedonic' or 'utility' calculus
- The utilitarianism principle
- The happiness equation
7. Name one utilitarian whose ideas have gained great popularity in recent years
- James rachael
- Immanuel Kant
- Peter Singer
- Aquinas
8. What does the P mean?
- Purity - how free from pain it is
- Past - the past the individual has with pain and happiness
- Predetermination - we predetermine how we are going to feel about something that will happen, making the outcome bias
9. What is Utilitarianism known as?
- a way of measuring everyone's happiness
- The greatest happiness principle
- The principle of utility
10. What did Bentham equate happiness with?
- He equated it with pleasure and the absense of pain
- The amount of pleasure you get and how long it lasts
- Love
11. What did Bentham's theories lead to in society?
- extensive social reform affecting parliament, criminal law, the jury system, prisons, cheap postage, saving banks etc
- They didn't lead to anything. Bentham was considered lacking in reason and logic for his opinions
- It lead to some discussion within parliament about how a person should be charged with a crime
12. What did Bentham's theories result in? [for Law making]
- He was considered unimportant, therefore his opinion did not matter
- It resulted in all people being considered when making a law
- It resulted in mass disagreement among political parties and created confusion
13. What does the R mean?
- Richness - to what extent it will lead to other pleasures
- Rate - the amount of pleasure [how good it is]
- Relayed emotions - if your not feeling happiness you may, for some reason, try and remember an event where you felt genuine happiness and fake it
14. What does the C mean?
- Certainty - how likely it is to happen
- Creativity - how unique is the happiness, have you felt it before or is it useless to the senses due to familiarity?
15. How was this an empirical observation?
- He looked back at history
- Bentham could see that people desire pleasure and seek to avoid pain
- He looked at science and the reactions are bodies have to pain
16. What does the D mean?
- Duration - how long the happiness lasts
- Dictation - does the happiness dictate what you do with yourself afterwards, what long term affect will it have?
17. What sort of observation did bentham make?
- Empirical [using what he can see in the world - evidence in reality]
- he just observed people's happiness and looked at the situation
- from reason and logic
18. What did Bentham think we should do before deciding what choice to make?
- We should carefully measure the possible consequences or outcomes of that action beforehand
- Don't think. Just go with your gut instincts
- Write down all the possible positive and negative outcomes, think whether it is worth the risk