Pre-industrial Europe had a wide range of punishments, e.g. banishment, fines, flogging, execution. Prison was used mainly for holding offenders prior to punishment
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1.
Only later is imprisonment seen as a form of punishment in itself
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In liberal democracies, imprisonment is often seen as the most severe form of punishment but, as most prisoners re-offend, it may just be a way of making bad people worse
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Since the 1980s there has been a move towards 'populist punitiveness'. Politicians call for tougher sentences, leading to a rising prison population. The UK imprisons a higher proportion of people than almost any other country in Western Europe
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Most prisoners are young, male and poorly educated. Ethnic minorities are overrepresented
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Garland (2001) argues that the USA and to some extent the UK are moving into an era of mass incarceration. In the USA, over 3% of the adult population now have some form of judicial restriction on their liberty
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Transcarceration
There is a trend towards transcarceration (moving people between different prison-like institutions), e.g. brought up in care, then a young offender's institution, then adult prison
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Where have there been blurring boundaries?
criminal justice and welfare agencies e.g. social services, health and housing are increasingly given a crime control role
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Alternatives to prison
Recently there has been a growth in the range of community-based controls, e.g. curfews community service orders, tagging
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What does Cohen argue
this has simply cast the net of control over more people. Rather than diverting young people away from the criminal justice system (CJS), community controls may divert them into it
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
1.
Back
Only later is imprisonment seen as a form of punishment in itself
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