Topic 8- Exchange and Transport in Animals
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- Created by: Leyla Zara
- Created on: 22-01-22 15:03
Why do cells need oxygen?
Cells need oxygen for aerobic respiration, which produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
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What happens during gas exchange in single-celled organisms?
In single-celled organisms, gases and dissolved substances can diffuse directly or out of the cell across a membrane- it is because they have a large surface area compared to their volume.
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What happens during gas exchange in multicellular organisms?
Multicellular organisms have a smaller surface area compared to their volume. This makes it difficult to exchange enough substances to supply their entire volume across their outside surface.
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What happens during gas exchange during mammals in the alveoli? (PT1)
1. the job of the lungs is to transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide from it
2. the lungs contain millions of little air sacs called alveoli where gas exchange takes place
2. the lungs contain millions of little air sacs called alveoli where gas exchange takes place
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What happens during gas exchange during mammals in the alveoli? (PT2)
3. blood arriving at the alveoli has returned to the lungs from the rest of the body, so it contains a lot of carbon dioxide.
4. oxygen diffuses out of the air in the alveoli and into the blood. carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction to be bre
4. oxygen diffuses out of the air in the alveoli and into the blood. carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction to be bre
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How are alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion?
1. a moist lining for dissolving gasses
2. a good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide
3. very thin walls
4. large surface area
2. a good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide
3. very thin walls
4. large surface area
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What is the job of red blood cells?
The job of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body. They don't have a nucleus so this allows more room to carry oxygen. They carry a red pigment called haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in the lungs.
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What is the job of white blood cells?
White blood cells (phagocytes) can change their shape and engulf pathogens. Lymphocytes produce antibodies against pathogens.
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What is the job of a platelet?
Platelets help the blood to clot at a wound, they stop you from bleeding immensely.
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What is the job of plasma?
Plasma carries everything in the blood including:
- red and white blood cells
-platelets
-glucose and amino acids (nutrients)
-carbon dioxide
-hormones
-proteins
-antibodies
- red and white blood cells
-platelets
-glucose and amino acids (nutrients)
-carbon dioxide
-hormones
-proteins
-antibodies
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What are the three types of blood vessels?
1. arteries (carry blood away from the heart)
2. capillaries (involved in exchange of materials at the tissues)
3. veins (carry the blood directly to the heart)
2. capillaries (involved in exchange of materials at the tissues)
3. veins (carry the blood directly to the heart)
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What are the roles of arteries?
Arteries carry blood at high pressures, making their walls strong and elastic. The walls are thick compared to the size of the hole down the middle, called a lumen. They contain thick layers of muscles to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them
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What are the roles of capillaries?
Capillaries are very narrow so they can squeeze into the gaps between cells. They can carry blood closely to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them. They have permeable walls, so substances can diffuse in and out.
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What are the roles of veins?
Veins have thin walls as pressure is lower. They have a bigger lumen to help the blood flow despite the low pressure. They also have valves to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction.
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How does the heart pump blood through the blood vessels on the right side of the heart?
1. the right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood through the vena cava
2. the deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs, via the pulmonary artery.
2. the deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs, via the pulmonary artery.
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How does the heart pump body through blood vessels on the left side?
3. the left atrium receives oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein
4. the oxygenated blood then moves through to the left ventricle, which pumps it out round the whole body, via the aorta
4. the oxygenated blood then moves through to the left ventricle, which pumps it out round the whole body, via the aorta
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Why is the left ventricle thicker?
The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because it needs more muscle as it has to pump blood around the whole body.
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What is the definition of cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by a vetricle every minute.
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What is the equation for cardiac output?
cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume
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What is the definition for aerobic respiration?
A series of chemical reactions that take place in cells continuosly to release energy from glucose
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What is the equation from aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
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What happens if insuffiecent oxygen reaches the muscles?
During exercise, if insuffiecent oxygen reaches the muscles, they start to respire anaerobically
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What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose -> lactic acid + (a little energy)
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What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What happens during gas exchange in single-celled organisms?
Back
In single-celled organisms, gases and dissolved substances can diffuse directly or out of the cell across a membrane- it is because they have a large surface area compared to their volume.
Card 3
Front
What happens during gas exchange in multicellular organisms?
Back
Card 4
Front
What happens during gas exchange during mammals in the alveoli? (PT1)
Back
Card 5
Front
What happens during gas exchange during mammals in the alveoli? (PT2)
Back
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