Total Enthalpy Change is the same no matter what route is taken
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Purely Ionic Model (Theoretical value)
Ions are all spherical and the charge is distributed evenly
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Experimental value model
Ions have SOME covalent character and so ions are not all spherical and charge is distorted
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Lattice Enthalpy Dissociation
Bond Between ions break to form gaseous ions
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Enthalpy Change of solution
Overall effect of the enthalpy of bonds breaking and bond making
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Entropy
How much disorder there is
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Free-Energy Change
Used to predict whether a reaction is feasible
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Feasible
Once a reaction has started, it will complete without needing exgtra energy
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Continuous Method
Follow reaction to the end and measure products/reactants at regular intervals
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Rate Equation
To see how concentration of a reactant affects rate
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Reaction order (conc) = 0
As concentration changes, rate stays the same
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Reaction order (conc) = 1
As concentration goes up, rate goes up by the same amound. Directly proportional
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Reaction order (conc) = 2
Rate is proportional to concentration^2. So if conc triples rate increases by 3^2=9 times faster
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Initial rates method
Working out rate at the begining of the reaction. Do not follow reaction to the end. Monitoring amount of products/reactants over time and draw a conc/time graph.
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Clock reaction
Example of initial rate method. Time taken for a set amount of product to form changes as you change concentration of one of the reactants. Usually a colour change.
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Rate determining step
The step in a mechanism with the slowest rate the DETERMINES the overall rate of the reaction.
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