The Restless Earth

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  • Created by: Sumera
  • Created on: 21-03-13 12:04
Crust
The outer layer of the earth.
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Plate
A section of the earth's crust.
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Plate boundary
The boundary where two plates meet.
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Mantle
The dense, mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust.
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Convection currents
The circular currents of heat in the mantle.
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Subduction
The sinking of oceanic crust at a destructive boundary.
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Collision
The meeting of two plates of continental crust. They are both the same type so they met 'head on' and buckle.
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Fold mountains
Large mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together.
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Ocean trench
Deep sections of the ocean, where an oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continental plate.
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Composite volcanoes
A steep-sided volcano that is made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash. Formed at destructive plate boundaries.
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Shield volcanoes
A broad volcano that is mostly made up of lava. Broad due to low silica. Formed at contructive plate boundaries.
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Subsistence
Farming to provide food and other resources for the farmer's own family.
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Terraces
Steps cut into hillsides to create areas of flat land.
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Hydroelectric power
The use of flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity.
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Natural hazard
An occurrence over which people have little control - which poses a threat to people lives & possessions. Different from a natural event - as volcanoes can erupt in unpopulated areas without being a hazard.
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Primary effects
The immediate effects of the eruption, caused directly by it.
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Secondary effects
The after-effects that occur as an indirect effects of the eruption on a longer timescale.
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Aid
Money, food, training and technology given by richer countries to poorer ones, either to help with emergency or to encourage long-term development.
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Earthquake
A sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the earth's crust, which is felt at the surface.
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Immediate responses
How people react as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.
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Long-term responses
Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event.
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Vent
The opening - usually single and central - in a volcano, from which magma is erupted.
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Lahar
These secondary effects of a volcanic eruption are mudflows resulting from ash mixing with melting ice/water.
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Supervolcano
A mega colossal volcano that erupts at least 1,000km^3 of material.
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Caldera
The depression of the supervolcano marking the collapsed magma chamber.
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Fissures
Extended openings along a line of weaknesses that allow magma to escape.
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Geothermal
Water that is heated beneath the ground, which comes to the surface in a variety of ways.
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Hot spot
A section of the earth's crust where plumes of magma rise, weakening the crust. These are away from plate boundaries.
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Focus
The point in the earth's crust where the earthquake originates.
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Epicentre
The point at the earth's surface directly above the focus.
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Shock waves
Seismic waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earth's crust.
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Primary waves
Waves travel fastest, causing back-and-forth movement, least damaging.
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Secondary waves
Waves are slower, and cause movement from side to side, damaging.
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Longitudinal waves
Waves cause up-and-down movement, very powerful, causes most damage.
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Richter scale
A logarithmic scale used for measuring earthquakes, based on scientific recordings on the amount of movement.
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Mercalli scale
A means of measuring earthquakes by describing and comparing the damage done, on a scale of I to XII. Non-scientific, based on people's opinions and what they see, opinions change and differ. Useless in non-populated rural areas (nothing to see).
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Prediction
Attempts to forecast an event - when and where it will happen - based on current knowledge.
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Protection
Constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse.
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Preparation
Organising activities and drills so that people know what to do in the event of an earthquake.
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Tsunami
A special type of wave where the entire depth of the sea/ocean is set in motion by an event, often an earthquake, which displaces the water above it and creates a huge wave.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A section of the earth's crust.

Back

Plate

Card 3

Front

The boundary where two plates meet.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

The dense, mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The circular currents of heat in the mantle.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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