If you are ill after a certain food, it's taste becomes a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response of nausea
We experience anxiety around phobic stimuli and avoid them, this prevents anxiety and acts as negative reinforcement
8. What are behavioural therapies based on?
Identification of what reinforces abnormal behaviours and an attempt to change them through conditioning
Identification of what reinforces normal behaviours and an attempt to change them through conditioning
9. How does operant conditioning apply to: anorexics
These people desire to lose weight or have more control of their lives, so not eating is positive reinforcement
We experience anxiety around phobic stimuli and avoid them, this prevents anxiety and acts as negative reinforcement
These people feel guilt and disgust, so make themselves sick so the removal of those feelings is negative reinforcement
10. Where in real life application are operant conditioning therapies used?
Psychiatric hospitals, they remove the reinforcements of abnormal behaviours and give new reinforcemens for better behaviours
Psychiatric hospitals, they remove the reinforcements of normal behaviours and give new reinforcemens for abnormal behaviours
11. What do behaviourists believe classical conditioning can explain?
abnormal behaviours, such as phobias and taste aversions
normal behaviours, such as eating and sleeping
12. What are the strengths of the behavioural model?
It's a scientific approach with testable concepts and the associated therapies have proved very effective in a variety of situations
It cannot explain all behaviours as it neglects genetics, biology and cognition, the therapies are not effective for all disorders and may be seen as unethic as well as only treating the behaviour not the cause.
13. What are the two forms of conditioning?
behavioural and operant
classical and operant
classical and behavioural
14. What are the weaknesses of the behavioural model?
It cannot explain all behaviours as it neglects genetics, biology and cognition, the therapies are not effective for all disorders and may be seen as unethic as well as only treating the behaviour not the cause.
It's a scientific approach with testable concepts and the associated therapies have proved very effective in a variety of situations
15. Which is an example of the new stimulus presented by itself producing a conditioned response?
The rat presented by itself triggers a conditioned response (fear)
A certain stimulus (a loud noise) triggers a natural reflex (fear)
Unconditioned stimulus(a loud noise) is presented repeatly at the same time as another stimulus (a rat) which triggers an unconditioned response (fear)
16. What is meant by the behavioural therapy: aversion therapy?
The removal of an abnormal behaviour by associating it with unpleasant feelings, for example: alcoholics are given alcohol at the same time as a drug which makes the nauseous
This is used for phobias: 1. the phobic makes a fear hierachy 2. a situation with their least feared event and made to relax 3. fear and relaxation can't happen at the same time 4. repeats until the phobic is only relaxed 5. repeat for whole hierachy
17. What is meant by the behavioural therapy: systematic desensitization?
This is used for phobias: 1. the phobic makes a fear hierachy 2. a situation with their least feared event and made to relax 3. fear and relaxation can't happen at the same time 4. repeats until the phobic is only relaxed 5. repeat for whole hierachy
The removal of an abnormal behaviour by associating it with unpleasant feelings, for example: alcoholics are given alcohol at the same time as a drug which makes the nauseous
18. Who did the study of Little Albert using classical conditioning?
