multicellular, cannot carry out photosynthesis due to lack of chloroplasts, animal cells have no cell walls, movement involves coordination through a nervous system, store carbohydrate in their cells as a compound called glycogen
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features of plants
contains a cell wall made from cellulose, multicellular, contain chloroplasts and can photosynthesise, can make the storage carbohydrate starch + sucrose
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vertebrate
have a vertebral column or backbone
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invertebrate
lack a vertebral column or backbone
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fungi
eg mushrooms(multicellular) and yeast (unicellular), no chloroplasts so cannot photosynthesise, have cells walls made of chitin,
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what is a mushroom/toadstool?
the reproductive structure of the organism, called a fruiting body.
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what is under the the soil of a mushroom?
many fine thread like filaments called hyphae
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what is a mould?
a mushroom without without the fruiting body , consisting of just a network of hyphae
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mycelium
network of hyphae
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how do moulds feed?
by absorbing nutrients from dead material eg leaving a piece of bread or fruit explode to the air for a few days will cause it to become mouldy, as a mould spore has landed and grown into a mycelium of hyphae
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qualities of hyphae (mucor)
have cell walls surrounding their cytoplasm which contain many nuclei
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saprotrophic digestion
1. spore from mucor lands on the food and a hypha grows out from it 2. the hypha grows and branches out - until the mycelium covers the surface of the food 3. the hyphae secretes digestive enzymes, breaking the food down into soluble substances such
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cont
as sugars and is then absorbed by the mould,
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protoctist
most are microscopic single-celled organisms . some look like animal cells eg amoeba (protozoa), others have chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis , these are called algae (chlorella) most are unicellular but some like seaweed are multicellular
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cont
others can cause disease, such as plasmodium - causing malaria
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eukaryotic cells
their cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and other membrane bound organelles
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prokaryotic cells
simpler cells that have no nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplasts eg bacteria
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bacteria
single celled organisms with three basic shapes : spheres, rods and spirals
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structure of a bacterium
all are surrounded by a cell wall made of peptidoglycan. some species have another layer outside of this wall - capsule offering the bacterium extra protection
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does bacteria have a nucleus?
as it is prokaryotic it does not have a nucleus, instead, its genetic material is in a single chromosome - loose in the cytoplasm, forming a circular loop (plasmids)
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flagella
found on some bacteria that help them to propel through water using corkscrew like structures
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pathogen
organisms that cause disease
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examples of bacteria
lactobacillus bulgaricus - used in the production of yoghurt , pneumococcus - causes pneumonia
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virus
parasites that can only reproduce inside of living cells
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what are viruses made out of?
not made out of cells, has no nucleus or cytoplasm - composed of a core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. the genetic material is either DNA or RNA
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what do viruses not do?
they do not feed, respire, excrete, move, grow or respond to their surroundings
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how does a virus reproduce?
enters the host cell and takes over the host's genetic machinery to make more virus particles - after many particles have been made, the host cells dies and the particles are released to infect more cells
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examples of viruses
influenza - causes flu, HIV - causes AIDS, tobacco mosaic virus (in plants), interfere with the ability to make chloroplasts
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
features of plants
Back
contains a cell wall made from cellulose, multicellular, contain chloroplasts and can photosynthesise, can make the storage carbohydrate starch + sucrose
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