When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response
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AO1: Who discovered Classical Conditioning?
Pavlov
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AO1: What is operant conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement or punishment. If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour os more likely to occur again in the future.
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AO1: Who discovered Operant Conditioning?
Skinner
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AO1: What is positive reinforcement?
occurs when a behaviour produces a consequence that is rewarding for an organism
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AO1: What is negative reinforcement?
occurs when a behaviour removes an unpleasant consequence.
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AO3: How is the application of CC to phobias a strength of the theory?
1. Systematic Desensitisation - replaces anxiety with relaxation.
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AO3: How are other theories of learning a criticism of CC?
1. Preparedness 2. Associations such as a dog with the smell of meat w/ food. 3. Species have different capabilities to learn through CC?
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AO3: Why is the use of experimental methods a strength of OC?
1. Controlled conditions in Skinners research (causal relationship discovered) 2. Skinners Box allowed manipulation of the IV to effect the DV
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AO3: Why is the reliance on non-human animals a weakness of the behaviourist approach?
1. unable to draw conclusions in relation to human behaviour (generalisation) 2. humans have free will and are not shaped by conditioning
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