Outer region, dark in colour, where each nephron starts
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Medulla
Inner region, light in colour
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Pelvis
Central funnel shaped, cavity leading to the ureter (hollow)
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Ureter
Transports urine from kidneys to bladder for storage
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Renal capsule
Outer fibrous capsule for protection (membrane)
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Renal artery
Supplies blood to kidney via aorta
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Renal vein
Returns blood to the heart via vena cava
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Excretion
Removal of nitrogenous waste (urea) from the body
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Osmoregulation
Control of the water potential of body fluids including blood
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The body has 2 kidneys, each containing...
around a million nephrons
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Each nephron is around...
3 cm long
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Nephrons are closely associated with...
many tiny blood capillaries
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Glomerulus
Where capillaries form a knot
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Bowman's capsule
Cup shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus
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The capsule leads into the nephron, which is divided into 4 parts...
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), distal convoluted tubule (DCT), loop of Henle and collecting duct
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Ultrafiltration occurs in...
the Bowman's capsule
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Afferent arteriole
Blood flows through into the glomerulus
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Efferent arteriole
Blood exits the glomerulus through this
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Hydrostatic pressure
Higher blood pressure than normal
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Fenestrae
Pores on the walls of the capillaries which act to resist movement of the filtrate
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Basement membrane of the Bowman's capsule
Acts like a sieve to resist movement of the filtrate
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Podocytes
Make up the wall of the Bowman's capsule and acts to resist movement of the filtrate
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Selective reabsoption
85% is reabsorbed into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) including glucose, all amino acids and most of the water and salts
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Urine
Made of urea and excess water
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Method of filtration: Minerals and ions
Facilitated diffusion and active transport into epithelial cells
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Method of filtration: Glucose and amino acids
Secondary active transport using a co-transport mechanisms using sodium ions
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Method of filtration: Water
Osmosis
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Method of filtration: Some proteins and urea
Diffusion
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ADH and Osmoregulation: key stage 1 - detectors
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
The water potential of the blood is controlled by receptors called osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
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ADH and Osmoregulation: key stage 2 - coordinator
Posterior lobe pf pituitary gland secreting ADH
The osmoreceptors respond by triggering the release of more or less antidiuretic hormone (ADH) into the blood from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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ADH and Osmoregulation: key stage 3 - effector
Distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water so more is reabsorbed (increases number of aquaporins in membrane)
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ADH enables what to be formed?
ADH enables more concentrated urine to be formed
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ADH makes what cells more permeable to what?
ADH makes the plasma membranes of the distal convoluted tubule cells and collecting duct cells more permeable to water
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How is water reabsorbed? Where is it reabsorbed from? Where does it reabsorb into?
Water is reabsorbed by osmosis, from the filtrate into the surrounding tissue fluid (and hence blood capillaries) around the DCTs and collecting ducts
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Inner region, light in colour
Back
Medulla
Card 3
Front
Central funnel shaped, cavity leading to the ureter (hollow)
Back
Card 4
Front
Transports urine from kidneys to bladder for storage
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