The Cognitive Approach

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What is the Cognitive Approach?
Concerned with the internal, mental processes in explaining behaviour, rather than external observable actions.
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What is the overall assumption of the Cognitive Approach?
That our thoughts influence our emotions and the behaviours that follow.
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What is the 3 assumptions of the Cognitive Approach?
Computer Analogy, Internal Mental Processes and Schemas
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What is the Computer Analogy? (Assu.1)
Cognitive psychologist compare the human mind with a computer.
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What do Cognitive psychologists compare? (Assu.1)
how we take in information (input), change it/store it (process) and recall it when necessary (output)
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Why is the human mind compared to the hardware of a computer? (Assu.1)
Due to the process stage; we actively use perception, attention and memory etc.
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Name an example of the Computer Analogy? (Assu.1)
the Multistore Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968)
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What is the Multistore Model (1968)? (Assu.1)
Insert Picture
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What is the Internal Mental Processes? (Assu.2)
Humans are basically seen ad information processors. The information is received form our senses and processed by the brain; this processing directs how we behave. Diff. cognitive functions work together to help us make sense of the world.
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Give examples of cognitive processes? (Assu.2)
memory, object recognition, perception, attention and language
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Explain introspection (Wilhem Wundt - 1879) (Assu.2)
Involves training people to report in immense detail their internal thought processes.
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What is the problem with investigating internal process? (Assu.2)
thoughts can not directly be observed or measured.
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What is Schemata? (Assu.3)
generated through past experience and through interactions with people and the world around us.
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What is the downside of the Schemata? (Assu.3)
They can be the bias for stereotypes & can be at the cause of racism & sexism.
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What does our Schema's do to our memory? (Assu.3)
They can alter our memory, causing us to misremember events that do not fit into our existing schema.
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Give an example of a famous study involving Schemata's? (Assu.3)
Allport and Postman (1947)
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What was the purpose of the Allport and Postman (1947) study? (Assu.3)
They investigated the effect of sterotypes on recall.
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How did they conduct the Allport and Postman study? (Assu.3)
They showed white participants the following picture of a black person being held at knifepoint by a white man. When asked to recall the event they misremembered it as the black man being held at knifepoint.
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What is the therapy used in the Cognitive Approach? (Therapy)
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
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What are the main components/principles of CBT? (Therapy MC)
Dysfunctional thought diary, Cognitive restructuring and Pleasant activity training.
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What is Cognitive-behavioural therapy? (Therapy MC)
Combines both cognitive and behaviourist techniques in order to help clients.
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What is the Cognitive element in CBT? (Therapy MC)
The therapist works with the client to help them identify negative thoughts that are contributing to their problems.
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What is the Behavioural element in CBT? (Therapy MC)
The therapist encourages the client to engage in reality testing, either during sessions (e.g. role play) or as homework.
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What is Dysfunctional thought diary? (Therapy MC)
As 'hw' clients are asked to keep a record of the events leading up to the unpleasant emotions experienced. Then record the automatic 'negative' thoughts associated with the event and rate how much they believe in these thoughts. Then write a
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What is Cognitive Restructuring? (Therapy MC)
The client is taught to challenge dysfunctional automatic thoughts and replacing them with more constructive ones , clients are able to try new ways of behaving.
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What is Pleasant activity scheduling? (Therapy MC)
Client plans each day with at least one pleasant activity they will engage in.
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What does Pleasant Activity Theory believe? (Therapy MC)
An . in pleasant activity can lead to an . in pleasant thoughts. (e.g. behavioural activation technique = helping clients change their behaviour.
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Regarding research support how effective is CBT? (Effectiveness/Therapy)
.
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Regarding therapist competence how effective is CBT? (Effectiveness/Therapy)
.
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Regarding individual differences how effective is CBT? (Effectiveness/Therapy)
.
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Regarding empowerment how effective is CBT? (Effectiveness/Therapy)
.
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What are the ethical issues regarding the client? (Ethical Issues/Therapy)
.
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What are the ethical issues regarding the what may be classed as rational? (Ethical Issues/Therapy)
.
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What is the Classical Evidence of the Cognitive Approach? (Classical Evidence)
The interaction between language and memory (Eyewitness Testimony).
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What does EWT stand for? (Classical Evidence)
Eyewitness Testimony.
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Who are the researchers for the Classical Evidence in the Cognitive Approach? (Classical Evidence)
Loftus and Palmer (1974)
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Where were the experiments conducted? (Classical Evidence)
In a laboratory.
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Who were the samples for the experiment? (Classical Evidence)
University students.
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What was the aim of the first experiment? (Classical Evidence)
To see if speed estimates would be influenced by the wording of the question.
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What is the aim of the second experiment? (Classical Evidence)
To find if leading questions has had a temporary effect on biasing the response/the original memory has changed.
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Evaluation: Methodology and Procedures (Classical Evidence)
.
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Evaluation: Ethical issues and Social implications (Classical Evidence)
.
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What was the 1st experiment? (Classical Evidence)
.
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What was the 2nd experiment? (Classical Evidence)
.
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What was the result of the 1st experiment? (Classical Evidence)
.
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What was the result of the second experiment? (Classical Evidence)
.
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What was the conclusion of the EWT experiments? (Classical Evidence)
.
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What is the alternative evidence of the Loftus and Palmer research that supports the research? (Classical Evidence/Evaluation)
Carmichael (1932). Which briefly describes what you did, what it found and what is suggests.
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What is the alternative evidence of the Loftus and Palmer research that contradicts the research? (Classical Evidence/Evaluation)
Lofus (1979). Suggests that in some cirumstances, leading questions have a limited effect on memory. It may benthe informationto be remembered in this study was less subjective than estimating speed.
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Why is eyewitness testimony not reliable? (Classical evidence/Debate)
.
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Why is eyewitness testimony reliable? (Classical evidence/Debate)
.
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What is the conclusion of the debate of eyewitness reliability? (Classical evidence/Debate)
Methods have been developed which means EWT is less susceptible to distortion, such as cognitive interviews & line-up's.
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What are the strengths of the Cognitive Approach? (Evaluating the Cognitive Approach)
Internal mental processes, Important contributions(applications), Scientific approach and Nomothetic.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

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What is the overall assumption of the Cognitive Approach?

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That our thoughts influence our emotions and the behaviours that follow.

Card 3

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What is the 3 assumptions of the Cognitive Approach?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What is the Computer Analogy? (Assu.1)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do Cognitive psychologists compare? (Assu.1)

Back

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