The Cell Cycle and Mitosis- Module 2

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  • Created by: Om4r
  • Created on: 19-04-19 16:01
What are Chromatids?
Replicates of Chromosomes
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What is the cell doing during Interphase?
Phase of cell cycle where the cell isn't dividing
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What are the Subdivisions of Interphase?
Growth Phase and Synthesis Phase
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What is M Phase?
Where nucleur and cytoplasmic division occur
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What occurs between each M phase?
Interphase
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What is the Purpose of Checkpoints?
To prevent uncontrolled division that would lead to tumours and to detect and repair Damage to DNA
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Molecular events controlling the cell cycle happen in a specific sequence, what does this ensure?
Ensures the cycle can't be reversed and that DNA is only Duplicated once during each cell cycle
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What events occur during M phase?
Cell growth stops and Mitosis and Cytokinesis occur
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What events occur during GAP 0 phase?
Cells may undergo apoptosis, differentiation or senescence, some types of cells remain in this phase for a long time or indefinitely
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Why does the Checkpoint at Gap 1 phase occur?
To ensure the cell is ready to enter S phase and begin DNA synthesis
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What events occur during Gap 1 Phase (Growth phase)?
Cells grow and increase in size, Organelles Duplicate, Transcription of Genes to make RNA, Protein synthesis making enzymes needed for DNA replication in S phase
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What gene helps control Gap 1 Phase (Growth Phase)?
p53 gene
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When does Synthesis phase occur?
During interphase, once cell enters synthesis phase is committed to completing the cell cylcle
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What happens during Synthesis Phase?
DNA replicates
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What does each chromosome consist of once they have all been duplicated?
A pair of identical sister chromatids
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What occurs during Gap Phase 2 of interphase (G2)?
Cells Grow and proteins needed for cell division are produced
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What is Mitosis?
A type of Nuclear Division
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How can you define growth?
The growing of multicellular organisms by producing more cells that are genetically identical to eachother and to the parent cell
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How can you define Tissue Repair?
The healing of wounds when growth factors secreted by Platelets, Macrophages and Damaged cells of the blood vessel walls stimulate the proliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells to repair damaged blood vessels
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What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?
PMAT, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
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What Happens to chromosomes during Prophase and why?
They shorten and thicken due to DNA supercoiling
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What breaks down during Prophase?
The nuclear envelope
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What happens to the centrioles during Prophase?
The centriole divides, 2 new daughter centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
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What forms between Centrioles during Prophase?
Spindle Fibres
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What attaches to Spindle Fibres during Metaphase?
Pairs of Chromatids attach to Spindle Fibres by their centromeres at the equator region( middle of cell)
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What splits during Anaphase?
The centromere of each pair of chromatids
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What do Motor Proteins on Spindle Fibres do during Anaphase?
They pull each sister chromatid of a pair in opposite directions towards opposite poles
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Why do chromosomes form a V shape during Anaphase?
Because they're pulled by their centromeres
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During Telophase what reaches opposite poles?
The separated chromosomes
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What forms around each set of chromosomes during Telophase?
A new Nuclear Envelope
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What does the Cell contain at the end of Telophase?
2 Nuclei , each genetically identical to eachother and to their parent cell
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What is the final stage of Mitosis?
Cytokinesis
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What occurs during Cytokinesis?
The cell splits in 2 , each new cell contains a nucleus
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How does Cytokinesis occur in an Animal cell?
The plasma membrane folds inwards splitting down the cytoplasm
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How does Cytokinesis occur in Plant cells?
End plate forms where equator of spindle fibre was, new plasma membrane and cellulose cell wall material laid down on either side along this plate
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What is the Final Product of Mitosis?
2 new daughter cells each genetically identical to eachother and to their parent cell
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Summarise the Events during Prophase:
Chromatids shorten and thicken as DNA supercoils, The nuclear Envelope Breaks, Centriole divides , 2 new daughter cenrioles move to opposite poles of cell and the spindle forms between centrioles
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Summarise the Events During Metaphase:
Pairs of chromatids attach to spindle fibre by their centrioles at the equator region
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Summarise the Events during Anaphase:
The centromere of each pair of chromatids splits, motor proteins on the spindle fibres pull each sister chromatid of a pair in opposite directions towards opposite poles, chromatids now called chromosomes form a V-shape as pulled by centromere
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Summarise the Events during Telophase:
Separated Chromosomes reach poles, a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, the cell contains 2 nuclei both genetically identical to eachother and their parent cell
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the cell doing during Interphase?

Back

Phase of cell cycle where the cell isn't dividing

Card 3

Front

What are the Subdivisions of Interphase?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is M Phase?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What occurs between each M phase?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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