The Cardiovascular System

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  • Created by: Lotto65
  • Created on: 24-03-17 10:06
Whose ideas about the blood were accepted with little questioning?
Galen
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Who was Galen?
An ancient Greek philosopher
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What were Galen's ideas about the blood?
Blood is produced by the liver, pumped out by the heart and consumed by other organs of the body
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What is William Harvey credited for?
His discovery on blood circulation
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Why did William Harvey have widespread opposition?
Galen's ideas were so well established
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How did Harvey overturn the population towards his theory?
He published his results, toured Europe to demonstrate his experiments and provided evidence for his theory
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Whose theory is now accepted on blood?
William Harvey's
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What did Harvey show about the flow of blood in blood vessels?
It is unidirectional with valves to prevent backflow. The rate of flow of blood is far to high to be consumed by the body after being pumped by the heart
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What did Harvey show about the heart?
It pumps blood out of the heart in arteries and blood returns to the heart by veins
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What did William Harvey predict?
The prescence of many fine vessels, too small to be seen with contemporary equipment that link arteries to veins in body tissue
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When was blood found to flow from arteries to veins by capillaries
1660
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When did Harvey publish his theory on blood circulation? Had microscopes been invented?
1628 - No
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What is the name of the circulation system going around the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation
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What is the name of the circulation system going around the organs of the body?
Systemic circulation
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What circulation method did Harvey discover?
Double circulation
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What type of blood is on the right side of the heart?
Deoxygenated
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What type of blood is on the left side of the blood?
Oxygenated
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How is deoxygenated blood transported to the lungs?
Via the pulmonary artery
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How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?
Via the pulmonary vein
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How does oxygenated blood get to the rest of the body?
Via the aorta
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How is deoxygenated blood returned to the heart?
Via the vena cava
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List the three types of blood vessel
Arteries, veins and capillaries
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What sort of pressure do the arteries transport the blood at?
High pressure
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Where do arteries carry blood to?
The tissues of the body
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What do capillaries do?
Carry blood through tissues
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Why do capillaries have permeable walls?
To allow exchange of materials between the cells in the tissue and the blood
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What sort of pressure do veins transport the blood at?
Low
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Which chamber of the heart do veins transport blood to?
Atria
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Why do capillaries have thin walls?
To create allow a short diffusion distance in and out
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What is the name of the tissue making up capillaries?
Endothelium
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What do pores between the cells in capillary walls do?
Allow some plasma to leak out to form tissue fluid and also phagocytes can squeeze out
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What size lumen do capillaries have?
Narrow
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What is the lumen size of capillaries?
10 micrometres
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Why do capillaries have narrow lumens?
To allow them to fit into small spaces and to give them a larger surface area for diffusion
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Why do arteries have a thick wall?
To withstand the high pressures
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Why do arteries have a narrow lumen?
To help maintain high pressures
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What is the purpose of the thick layer of elastic fibres?
To maintain high pressure between pumping cycles
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What is the purpose of the muscle in the arteries?
Contracts and relaxes to control the diameter of the lumen and the rigidity of the arteries to control flow
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What other layer does an artery have?
Tough outer coat
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Why do veins only have thin layers of tissue with few or no elastic fibres or muscle?
Blood flow is not pulsatile
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Why do veins have a wide lumen?
To accomodate the low pressure and slow flowing blood
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What prevents backflow in veins?
Valves
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Where are the valves placed in veins?
At regular intervals
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Why do veins have a thin wall?
Allows them to be pressed flat by adjacent muscles, helping them to move the blood
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Why is it ok for the outer coat to be thin?
There is no danger of veins bursting as the pressure is low
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According to Galen, where was blood pumped after being formed in the liver?
Between the liver and right ventricle of the heart
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What did Galen think happened in the left ventricle?
A little blood passed in and there it met air from the lungs and became a 'vital spirit'
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What did Galen think happened to 'vital spirits'?
Distributed all over the body by arteries. Some flowed to the brain where they became 'animal spirits' which are then distributed by nerves in the body
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What did Harvey prove about the type of circulation in the body?
It is double circulation with pulmonary and systemic circulations
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What in the ventricles allows blood to be pumped into the arteries and reach high pressure?
Thick strong muscle
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The artery walls work with the heart to do what?
Facilitate and control blood flow
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Which tissues in the arteries allow them to control blood flow?
Elastic and muscle tissue
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What is elastic tissue made up of?
Elastin fibres
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How do elastin fibres work?
They store energy that stretches them at the peak of each pumping cycle
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What does elastin fibre recoil do?
Propels blood along the artery
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What is it called if the artery wall bulges outwards?
Aneurysm
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What type of blood vessel can you feel a pulse in?
Arteries
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Which artery supplies the kidney with blood?
Renal artery
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Which artery supplies the liver with blood?
Hepatic artery
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What is the name of the tough outer layer of connective tissue in arteries?
Tunica externa
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What is elastin?
A protein
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What is the tunica media?
A thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
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What is the name of the smooth endothelium lining of the artery?
Tunica intima
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What is systolic pressure?
The peak pressure reached in an artery
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What type of energy is stored when elastic fibres stretch?
Potential energy
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What do the elastic fibres do when pressure decreases in the artery?
Squeeze the blood in the lumen
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When would pressure decrease in an artery?
At the end of each heartbeat
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What is diastolic pressure?
The minimum pressure in an artery
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The squeezing of blood by elastic fibres does what to the diastolic pressure?
Prevents it getting too low
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What is vasoconstriction?
The contracting of the circular muscles in the wall of the artery
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What are branches of arteries called?
Arterioles
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True/false: Arterioles have a high muscle density
True
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Arterioles respond to what sort of signals to control blood flow?
Hormone and neural
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What is the opposite of vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation
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Does the cornea have blood vessels? Why/ why not?
No because it needs to be transparent
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What type of cells make up the capillary wall?
Endothelium cells
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What are the capillary cells coated with?
A filter-like protein gel
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True/false: The permeability of capillary walls is the same for every tissue
False
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What is the advantage of having different capillary permeabilities?
Allows certain proteins and other large particles to reach certain tissues but not others
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True/ false: The permeability of capillaries in certain tissues changes over time
True
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How is blood flow in veins assisted?
Other muscles like skeletal muscles and gravity
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How do adjacent muscles assist veins?
Contraction makes muscles shorter and wider which squeezes adjacent veins to improve blood flow
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What is the name of the vein carrying blood from the arms?
Subclavian vein
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What is the name of the vein carrying blood from the head?
Jugular vein
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What is the name of the blood vessel that carries blood from the stomach to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
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What type of valve is in veins?
Tricuspid
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What is the diameter of an artery?
Larger than 10 micrometres
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What is the diameter of a vein?
Variable but larger than 10 micrometres
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How many layers are in the vein walls?
3
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Is there muscle and elastic fibres in the veins?
Small amounts
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Do capillaries have valves?
No
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How does circulation work in fish?
Single circulation where blood is pumped at high pressure to the gills to be oxygenated. It still has enough pressure after to flow directly but slowly to the other organs and then back to the heart
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Why is blood pumped to capillaries in lungs at low pressure?
Cannot withstand high pressure
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Why do we have two circulations?
After going to the lungs, blood does not have high enough pressure to travel to the rest of the body
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Heart muscle is included in which circulation for humans?
Systemic
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What are the units of systolic pressure?
mm Hg
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Why is it important for the endothelium in arteries to be smooth?
Reduces friction
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What is the tunica externa made of and what is its function?
Woven collagen fibres anchors the artery in position and protect it
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When does vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur?
Vasoconstriction during systolic pressure when the heart pumps and vasodilation during diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes
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Are arteries or arterioles more susceptible to nervous and neural control for vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
Arterioles
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What has a higher muscle density: arteries or arterioles?
Arterioles
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What are uses of vasodilation?
Controls flow of blood to control temperature and slow flow when person is severely wounded
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What actually is a pulse?
The vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arteries (arterial wall expansion and constriction) when blood pumps through
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What sort of muscle helps blood flow in veins?
Skeletal muscle
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When do valves open in veins?
When muscles contract
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When do valves close in veins?
When muscles relax
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Why can diffusion not occur in arteries?
Walls are too thick and rate of flow too fast
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What are veins?
Venules joined together
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Why are capillaries leaky?
Allow exchange of oxygen and nutrients and waste products. Allows tissue fluid and phagocytes to escape
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In which vessel is blood flow slowest?
In capillaries to allow exchange of materials
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What is the purpose of tissue fluid?
To bathe tissue cells
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What does tissue fluid contain?
Water, sugars, salts, fatty acids, amino acids, coenzymes, hormones and cell waste products
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What does tissue fluid help with and why?
Exchange of materials because it is in direct contact with capillary endothelial cells
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What makes tissue fluid get reabsorbed into capillaries?
Osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure
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What forces tissue fluid out of capillaries?
Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure
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What does the tunica media layer contain?
Smooth muscle
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What does the tunica externa contain?
Collagen and elastin fibres
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How many layers do veins have?
3 --> Tunica intima, media and externa
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Do capillaries contain valves?
No
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What are the diameters of veins and arteries?
Can be greater than 10mm
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What is the diameter of a capillary?
2-10 micrometres
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What is the approximate lumen size of a capillary?
5 micrometres
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Who was Galen?

Back

An ancient Greek philosopher

Card 3

Front

What were Galen's ideas about the blood?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is William Harvey credited for?

Back

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Card 5

Front

Why did William Harvey have widespread opposition?

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