The Brain

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Cerebellum definition
Region of the brain coordinating balance and fine control of movement
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Cerebrum definition
Region of the brain dealing with the higher functions such as conscious thought; divided into 2 hemispheres
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Hypothalamus definition
The part of the brain that coordinates homeostatic responses
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Medulla oblongata definition
Region of the brain that controls physiological processes
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Pituitary gland definition
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain which secretes many hormones
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What are the 4 main parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus/pituitary complex
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Which part of the brain is the largest and is split into 2 hemispheres?:
The cerebrum
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What are the 2 hemispheres connected by?
The corpus callosum = major tracts of neurones
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What does the outermost layer of the cerebrum consist of?
A thin layer of nerve cell bodies called the cerebral cortex.
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What does the cerebrum control?
Conscious thought + actions, emotional responses, intelligence, reasoning, judgement, decision making, factual memory
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What 3 regions is the cerebral cortex sub-divided into?
Sensory areas, association areas, motor areas.
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Sensory areas
Received action potentials from sensory receptors.
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Association areas
Compare sensory inputs with previous experience, interpret what the input means and judge an appropriate response
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Motor areas
Send action potentials to various effectors (muscles and glands).
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Motor areas on the left side of the brain control effectors on which side of the body?
Right side - and vise versa
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The cerebellum must receive information from many sensory receptors, including...?
The retina, the balance organs in the inner ear, spindle fibres in the muscles
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Which muscular movements does the cerebellum finely control?
body position and balance (on a bike), judging position of objects and limbs (when playing sport), tensioning muscles (to use tools or play instruments), coordinating contraction/relaxation (walking/running)
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The hypothalamus controls homeostatic mechanisms in the body. What does it contain and which mechanism does it use?
It contains its own sensory receptors. It uses negative feedback to maintain a constant internal environment.
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How does the hypothalamus regulate tempertaure?
It detects a change in core body temp, also receives sesnory input from temp receptors in the skin. Initiates a response, which may be mediated by the nervous system or hormonal system (via pituitary gland)
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How does the hypothalamus regulate water?
Contains osmoreceptors that monitor blood water potential. When the water potential changes, a responses is initiated to reverse the change. The responses are mediated by the hormonal system via the pituitary gland.
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What are the 2 lobes that make up the pituitary gland?
The posterior lobe and the anterior lobe
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How does the posterior lobe function?
Linked to the hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells. Hormones which are made in the hypothalamus (eg ADH), pass down the neurosecretory cells and are released into the blood from the pituitary gland
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How does the anterior lobe function?
Produces its own hormones, which are released into the blood in repsonse to releasing factors produced by the hypothalamus.
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What are releasing factors?
Hormones that need to be transported only a short distance from the pituitary.
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Hormones from the pituitary control many physiological processes, including...?
response to stress, growth, reproduction, lactation.
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What muscles does the medulla oblongata control and how?
The non-skeletal muscles (cardiac and involuntary smooth muscle) by sending action potentials out through the autonomic nervous system
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What centres does the medulla oblongata contain to regulate vital processes?
The cardiac centre (regulates heart rate), the vasomotor centre (regulates circulation and blood pressure), the respiratory centre (regulates rate and depth of breathing).
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The medulla oblongata centres receive sensory information and cordinates vital functions by what process?
Negative feedback
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Typical question 1
Suggest how damage to the cerebellum may affect the behaviour of a person
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Typical question 2
Explain why damage to the left side of the brain may cause peralysis to the right side of the body
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Typical question 3
What is the role of the corpus callosum?
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Typical question 4
List the areas of the brain that would be invloved in driving a car
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Typical question 5
List the areas of the brain that would be involved in answering a question verbally
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Typical question 6
Suggest why a blow to the back of the head could result in blurred vision
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cerebrum definition

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Region of the brain dealing with the higher functions such as conscious thought; divided into 2 hemispheres

Card 3

Front

Hypothalamus definition

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Medulla oblongata definition

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Pituitary gland definition

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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