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6. Actuarialism
- Solomon
- Feeley and Simon
- Farrington and West
- Clarke
7. Reintergrative shaming
- Braithwaite
- Garland
- Clarke
- Newman
8. Retributive and restorative justice/ public and physical punishment
- Cohen
- Wilson and Kelling
- Durkhiem
- Garland
10. 'Discipline' over social control/ panopticon/ subtle forms of punishment
- Sherman and Strang
- Foucault
- Solomon
11. 'defensible space'
- Felson and Clarke
- Garland
- Newman
- Clarke
12. Penal welfarism/ culture of control
- Solomon
- Clarke
- Garland
- Wilson and Kelling
13. 'Situational crime prevention'/ costs vs. risk/ target hardening
- Clarke
- Braithwaite
- Cohen
- Farrington and West