Social psychology 9

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What is the social self made up of?
Our internal traits, external roles, physical bodily descriptions and our abstract con
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What does the social self consist of according to james?
The material self (body, family, things), the spiritual self (emotions, desires, will) and the social self (interaction with others, multiple divergences)
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What is the looking-glass self (cooley, 1902)?
Symbolic interactionism, self is reflected in appraisals and the perceived appraisals re not necessarily "true"
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What are the steps of the looking-glass self?
1) we imagine how we appear to others 2) we react to what we imagine their judgement of that appearance would be 3) we develop our sense of self through these perceived judgements of others
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What age do children pass the self-recognition via 'rouge test'?
19-20 months
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What age do children pass the theory of mind tests?
3-4 years old
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Is there developmental evidence for a sense of self?
Yes
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What are the operational definitions for a sense of self?
Self and Affect (self-esteem), self and Behaviour (self-presentation), self and cognition (self-concept),
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What is self concept?
The complete set of beliefs people have about themselves. Can be quite complex and multifaceted (traits, skills, goals, fears e.t.c)
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How do we mange to organise all the information we have about ourself? (self-concepts)
Through self-schemas
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What are self-schemas?
Cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide the processing of self-related information
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What does it mean if a person is self-schematic?
The trait is important to them
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What does it mean if a person is self-aschematic?
The trait is not important to them
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Are people more able to recall experiences that demonstrate their schema?
Yes
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If we fail in one component of our self- schemas what can happen?
The effect can be buffered if we are successful in another component.
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What is the multiple role theory?
More roles = more change for growth (as well as failure though!)
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What did Markus say about 'future self' schemas?
We have schemas for our desired selves and our feared selves.
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What do self-schemas influence?
Information processing
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What is the self-reference effect?
Information relating to self is processed more deeply and remembered better
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what is self-concept clarity?
The extent to which self-schemas are defined, consistent and stable across time
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What is good about having self-concept clarity?
It bolsters psychological well-being and self-esteem , better relationships and lower neuroticism.
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What is self-awareness?
The psychological state of being aware of one's characteristics, feelings and behaviours
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What is public self-awareness?
The awareness of social aspects of the self and how these aspects may be seen by others. It can be debilitating, but also responsible for adhering to norms + societal standards of behaviour
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What is private self-awareness?
The awareness of internal aspects of oneself. Paying explicit attention to thoughts, goals and fears
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What is an issue with private self-awareness?
It can lead to depression if we focus on the negatives
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What does chronic self-awareness equal?
Self-consciousness, (public and private), can lead to anxiety, depression and loss of oneself in groups (deindividuation)
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What is the self-perception theory?
Behaviouristic approach, first presented as an alternative explanation for cognitive dissonance theory, people learn about the self by examining their own behaviours.
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What is the study/evidence of self-perception theory?
Nursery school children were observed, children with an interest in drawing chosen, asked to draw a stranger. told they would get a reward, got a reward without being told or didn't get a reeard
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What was the results/conclusion of the study/evidence of self-perception theory?
Children who got the expected reward drew less, this is because they drew for a reward and inferred drawing was not intrinsic interest but extrinsically motivated so was no longer a part of their "true" self.
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What is self-discrepancy theory?
Comparison of what is, to what we would like to be or what we think is supposed to be. 3 self's actual, ideal and ought.
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What is the actual self?
How the self is currently perceived
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What is the ideal self?
How we want the self to be
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What is the ought self?
Expectations, obligations of the self
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What do we experience from discrepancies between our actual, ideal and ought self?
physiological discomfort
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What do we experience from discrepancies between our actual and ideal self?
Sadness/disappointment
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What do we experience from discrepancies between our actual and ought self?
Anxiety/frustration
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How do we attempt to reconcile discrepancies?
via the process of self-regulation
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What is regulatory focus theory?
Two distinct self-regulatory systems/foci, in context of achieving goals. (promotion and prevention focus)
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What is the promotion focus of the regulatory focus theory?
Goals related to the ideal self, approaching gains and avoiding non-gains (the absence of positives)
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What is the prevention focus of the regulatory focus theory?
Goals related tot he ought self, approaching 'non-losses' (the absence of negatives) and avoiding losses (the presence of negatives)
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What is regulatory focus from regulatory focus theory?
Regulatory focus is a state and can differ both across individuals (chronic regulatory focus) and across situations (momentary regulatory focus)
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How do the strategies differ in regulatory focus theory?
Promotion focus = eager, chances. Prevention focus = vigilant, careful
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What is regulatory fit from regulatory focus theory?
Match between focus and means used to approach the goal
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What is social comparison theory?
Individuals motivated to find an accurate understanding of the self. To learn about + define the self, people compare their own opinions and behaviours to those of others,
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How can social comparison theory be aspirational?
Upward social comparisons
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How can social comparison theory be bad?
Can negatively impact self-esteem, if comparison is unrealistic
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How can social comparison theory be esteem-building?
Downward social comparisons, can also help inform/define the self-concept.
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What is self-affirmation theory?
Individuals are motivated to maintain global self-integrity, a general sense of their goodness, virtue + efficacy.
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What happens when self-integrity is threatened according to self-affirmation theory?
When self-integrity in one domain is threatened, we regain esteem by affirming other, unrelated, self-worth domains. Reflecting on an important personal value can buffer an ensuing threat to another domain.
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What is terror management theory?
Humans possess awareness of own inevitable mortality, need to feel valued, meaningful (esteem) because we know we become meaningless. The result of conflict is potentially anxiety, so we need to manage this terror.
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According to terror management theory how do we mange terror?
The creation of "cultural worldviews", provide meaning (self + life), literal and symbolic immortality. Self-esteem bolster: embracing and living up to- worldview standards
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What boosts the inhibit effects of mortality salience (being reminded of mortality)?
Self-esteem
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According to Ring what happens once you have a near-death experience?
An increased desire for self-direction, closer relationships, a new appreciation for life
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What are the dual-existential systems?
Two systems, abstract -existential system and specific existential system.
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What is the abstract-existential system?
Terror management theory defensiveness- activated by subtle, nonspecific reminders of death, link death to symbolic representations of the self, focus on external stimuli, standards, demands.
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What is the specific-existential system?
PGT + NDE growth propensities, activated by specific/individual death awareness, link death to individuating features of actual self, focus on internal needs, goals, values.
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What is self-presentation?
When we mange the self we present to others
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What are the three self-presentational motivations?
Pleasing the audience, gaining material/social rewards, self-construction
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Why is pleasing the audience a self-presentation motivation?
Because we want to match the self to audience's expectations and preferences
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Why is gaining material/social rewards a self-presentation motivation?
It can be benign (on the job), or more power-seeking and deceptive
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Why is self-construction a self-presentation motivation?
We wan't to match the self t own ideal self 'identity building + verifing'
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What is self monitoring?
The degree to which people monitor and control their behaviour in public situations
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What are high self-monitors?
'social chameleons', discern what a 'model person' would do in the situation
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What are low self-monitors?
They value consistency between who they are and what they do, in social situations they look inwards
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What do high self-monitors do more than low self-monitors?
Pay more attention to the behaviour of others, are more attracted to sales/P.R. jobs and leadership roles, more adept at reading others' facial expressions, better at communicating wider range of emotions, more varied friendships
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the social self consist of according to james?

Back

The material self (body, family, things), the spiritual self (emotions, desires, will) and the social self (interaction with others, multiple divergences)

Card 3

Front

What is the looking-glass self (cooley, 1902)?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the steps of the looking-glass self?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What age do children pass the self-recognition via 'rouge test'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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