Proposed two reasons for conformity - Informational and normative
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Kelman (1958)
Compliance, Identification, Internalisation
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Factors affecting conformity
Group Size (Asch - 1 conf 3%, 2 13% 3 33%), Unanimity (Conf giving correct answer before dropped to 5.5%) Task Difficulty (More difficult = greater conformity)
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Smith and Bond (1998)
Meta-analysis found average conformity in collectivist cultures was 37%, individualist 25%.
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Eagly and Carli (1981)
Meta-analysis examining gender. Found difference was small but women are more likely to comply than internalise.
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Furman and Duke (1988)
Asked students preference of a song. Music students weren't influence by confederates whereas those studying other degrees were.
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Reicher and Haslam (2006)
Carried out a replication of prison experiment and the prisoners took over the prison. Shows issues in temporal validity.
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Banauzizi and Mokovedi (1975)
Claim prisoners were play acting, which created issues with demand characteristics and validity.
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Haslam and Reicher (2012)
Said group identification occurs as pps identify with the experimenter and the science behind the experiment.
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Baumrind (1964)
Accused Milgram of abusing pps rights and feelings. (wrong as they didn't expect results)
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Orne and Holland (1968)
Criticised internal validity as they suggested that participants knew shocks weren't real, although post-study interviews showed 75% believed them.
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Sheridan & King (1972)
Repeated with puppies - 100% females and 54% males continued, suggesting an andocentric method.
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Meeus & Raajimakers (1986)
Cultural bias - found highest levels of obedience of 90% in Spain.
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Kilham & Mann (1974)
Found lowest obedience level of 28% among Australians
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Burger (2009)
Proved Milgram's experiment has historical validity by carrying out a replication using male+female pps + mental health process. Found no dramatic change.
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Factors affecting obedience
Proximity (experimenter left, dropped to 20.5%), Location (Run down building 47.5%), Uniform (researcher ordinarily clothed 20%)
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Bickman (1974)
3 experimental conditions: Security Guard, Milkman, Jacket+tie. Asked to pick up bag/lend money. Most likely to obey guard.
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Hofling et al. (1996)
Nurses ordered to administer a dangerous dose of a fictional drug. Found 21/22 would have given it. Supports Milgram. Lacks external bc unfamiliar drug.
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Zillmer et al.
Found Nazi war criminals scored highly on only 3 out of 9 dimensions.
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Elms et al. (1996)
Found obedient pps in Milgrams study were more authoritarian, supporting link between personality and obedience.
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Altemyer (1988)
Found pps who were more willing to give themselves electric shocks were also authoritarian.
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Hyman and Sheatsley (1954)
Found lower educational levels was probably a better explanation of higher F-Scale scores.
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