SEM2: Abdomen II

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what are the borders of the abdominal cavity
superior: diaphragm, inferior: pelvic inlet, posterior: spine and posterior abdominal muscles, anterior: anterolateral abdominal muscles
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what are the boundaries of the greater pelvis
superior: pubic crest inferior: pelvic inlet
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what forms the pelvic crest
sacral promontory (superior sacrum), sacral ala (wings), arcuate line (on ilium), pectineal line (on superior pubic ramus), pubic crest and pubic symphysis
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what is the viscera of the abdominal cavity
alimentary canal (GIT), accessory organs of digestion, urinary system
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what is the innervation of the parietal peritoneum
T7-L1 sensitive to pain, temperature, touch and pressure
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what is the innervation of the visceral peritoneum
afferent n. that travel with autonomic supply to viscera, sensitive to stretch and tearing which is interpreted as pain
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what is meant by intraperitineal
organs completely covered in visceral peritoneum that attaches them to other organs or abdominal wall by a double fold called mesentery/ligament/omentum
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what is meant by extraperitineal
partially or entirely devoid of peritoneum (outside peritoneal cavity)
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what is meant by subperitineal
bellow peritoneal cavity i.e bladder when empty
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what is meant by retroperitineal
behind peritoneal cavity i.e kidneys
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what is the lesser omentum
a double fold of parietal peritoneum between the liver and stomach
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what is the transverse mesocolon
a double fold of parietal peritoneum between the transverse colon and posterior abdominal wall
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what is the mesentery
a double fold of parietal peritoneum between the small intestines and posterior abdominal wall
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what is the function of the peritoneum
prevent the effect of gravity
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what runs through the peritoneum
fat, blood vessels, ducts, embryological ligaments
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what is the developing foregut suspended by
ventral mesentery/mesogastrium (anterior) and dorsal mesentery/mesogastrium (posterior)
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where does the liver develop
ventral mesentery causing it to split into lesser omentum (between liver and lesser curvature of the stomach) and falciform ligament (between liver and anterior abdominal wall)
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what are the ligaments of the lesser omentum
hepatogastric (between lesser curvature of stomach and liver) and hepatoduodenal (top of duodenum to liver, contains portal triad)
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what happens when the stomach rotates in embryology
the omental bursa (lesser sac) forms posterior to stomach, allowing the stomach to expand when feeding
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what are the boundaries of the epipyloric foramen
superior: caudate process of liver, inferior: 1st part of duodenum, posterior: IVC and right crus of diaphragm anterior: portal triad in hepatoduodenal ligament
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what is the function of the greater omentum
isolates infection
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what are the relations of the oesphagus
anterior: aortic arch, left main bronchus. continuous from pharynx at c6, pierces diaphragm at t10, enters stomach at t11 (cardiac orifice)
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where is the muscle of the oephagus thickened and why
phyrgoesphageal junction and cardia of stomach to form sphincters to prevent acid reflux
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what is the inner layer of the oesophagus
mucosa: non-kerratinated stratified squamous epithelium that excretes mucus to protect against wear and tear
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what is the 2nd layer of the oesophagus
submucosa
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what is the 3rd layer of the oesophagus
muscularis externa: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer divided into three parts - sup. skeletal muscle, middle skeletal muscle and sm, inf. sm
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what is the outer layer of the oesophagus
adventitia
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what is the blood supply of the oesophagus
upper: thryocervical trunk -> inferior thyroid artery, middle: thoracic aorta, lower: left gastric artery
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what's the innervation of the oesophagus
oesophageal plexus from vagus n. (parasympathetic and general sensation) and, cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk (sympathetic and pain)
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what's clinically relevant about the lymphatics of the oesophagus
they're bidirectional: drains to deep cervical and juxtaoesophageal nodes - important for spread of cancer
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what are the names of the areas of the stomach
cardia (where oesophagus enters), fundus (top, filled with gas = appears black on X-ray), body (main area), pylorus (opens to duodenum)
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what is the structure of the pylorus
pyloric antrum (lateral, wide), angular incisure , pyloric canal (narrow), pyloric sphincter
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what are the three muscle layers of the stomach
oblique (mechanical breakdown of food), circular ( thickest at pylorus -forms sphincter), longitudinal (moves food towards sphincter)
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what is the function of gastric folds
allows expansion after a large meal
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what is the innermost layer of the stomach
mucosa: gastric glands (releases mucus at cardia, HCl at fundus and gastrin at pylorus) and muscularis mucosae (sm)
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what is the 2nd layer of the stomach
submucosa - meistener's plexus
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what is the 3rd layer of the stomach
muscularis externa (oblique, circular and longitudinal) and aubachs plexus
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what is the outer layer of the stomach
serosa
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what is the function of the meissner's plexus
controls gland secretions
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what is the function of the aubach's plexus
controls circular and longitudinal muscle contractions
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what is a peptic ulcer
open lesion in mucosa lining usually in oesophagus (oesophageal), stomach (gastric), duodenum (duodenal) caused by H.pylori, NSAIDs, stress
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what is the blood supply to the GIT
abdominal aorta -> foregut: coeliac trunk, midgut: superior mesenteric a. hindgut: inferior mesenteric
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what is the blood supply to the lesser curvature
LEFT: coeliac trunk -> left gastric (along lesser curvature). RIGHT: coeliac trunk -> common hepatic a. -> right gastric branch (along lesser curvature). right and left anastomes
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what is the blood supply to the greater curvature
LEFT: coeliac trunk -> splenic a. -> left gastro-omental/gastro-epiploic (along greater curvature). RIGHT: coeliac trunk -> common hepatic a. -> gastroduodenal a. -> left gastro-omental/gastro-epiploic (along greater curvature). right and left anastomes
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what is the innervation of the stomach
parasympathetic: vagus n., right -> posterior vagal trunk, left -> anterior vagal trunk, forms oesophageal plexus. sympathetic: greater splanchnic -> coeliac plexus. parasymp.=secretomotor and sm stim. symp.= motor to pyloric sphincter and pain
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what are the lymphatics of the stomach
follows blood vessels and drains to coeliac nodes
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are the boundaries of the greater pelvis

Back

superior: pubic crest inferior: pelvic inlet

Card 3

Front

what forms the pelvic crest

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is the viscera of the abdominal cavity

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is the innervation of the parietal peritoneum

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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