SCIENCE

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Too little food?
Underweight and prone to certain illnesses.
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Too much food and not enough exercise?
Overweight and ill health.
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What are nutrients?
Different types of food in the correct amounts needed to maintain health.
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Where are carbs found?
Potatoes, Pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice.
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What are carbs needed for?
Source of energy for life processes.
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Where are fats found?
Cheese, butter,margarine and oils.
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What are fats needed for?
Source of energy for life processes, to make cell membranes, to insulate our bodies.
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Where are proteins found?
Meat,fish,eggs,cheese.
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What are proteins needed for?
Growth and repair-build cells.
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What are minerals and ions needed for?
Needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body.
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What can an imbalanced diet do?
Cause a person to become malnourished.
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What can a poor diet lead to?
Deficiency diseases and type 2 diabetes.
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What can too little vitamin D do?
Lead to rickets which affects proper growth of skeleton.
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What is respiration and what does it do?
Chemical reaction. Allows cells to release energy from food.
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What is metabolic rate?
The speed at which such chemical reactions take place in the body.
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How does metabolic rate vary?
Because of several factors including age, gender and inherited factors.
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What can metabolic rate be affected by?
proportion of muscle to fat in body, amount of exercise. Increases by exercise and stays high afterwards.
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What are microorganisms?
Bacteria and Viruses.
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What does bacteria do?
Releases toxins or poisons that make us feel ill.
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What do viruses do?
Reproduce in host cells and damage the cells in doing so. Can get into a cell and make hundreds of copies of itself. Once filled whole host cell, bursts it open.
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What can white blood cells do?
Ingest and destroy pathogens by producing antibodies that destroy infectious microorganisms. Produce antitoxins that counteract toxins released by pathogens.
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What do antitoxins do?
Neutralise toxins created as a by-product.
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What are the main types of pathogen?
Bacteria and Viruses.
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What is bacteria?
Living cells that in certain conditions can multiply rapidly.
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What are some diseases caused by bacteria?
Food poisoning, cholera, typhoid, whopping cough.
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What are viruses?
Small organisms that consist of genetic material inside a protective protein coat that are passed through blood stream, airways and other routes.
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What are the diseases caused by viruses?
Influenza, (flu), colds, measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, aids.
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What are Antibodies and antitoxins?
Specialised proteins. Antibody- have certain chemical 'fit' to certain antigens.
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What does immunity contain?
Certain chemicals foreign to the body.
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What are the chemicals called?
Antigens.
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What do lymphocytes do?
Produce specific antibodies to kill particular pathogen.
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How do antibodies neutralise pathogens?
Bind to them + damage and destroy them. Coat pathogens to clump them together so they are easily ingested by white blood cells called Phagocytes.
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What do antibodies do?
When with right antigen reproduces quickly to kill pathogen.
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What do vaccinations do?
Causes body to produce white blood cells to protect itself against pathogens. All act as antigens, stimulate white blood cells.
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What is effective against bacteria but not viruses?
Antibiotics.
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What do vaccinations involve?
Small amounts of inactive or dead form of pathogen into body.
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What can Vaccinations contain?
Live pathogens to make harmless, harmless fragments of pathogen, dead pathogens.
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In the 19th century, who released the importance of cleanliness in hospitals?
Ignaz Semmelweiss.
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What did he do?
Insisted doctors washed hands before examining patients -not common at time.
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What effects did this idea have?
Greatly reduced number of deaths by infectious diseases in hospital. Though successful, ignored at time- no one knew diseases caused by pathogens that could be killed.
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What do medicines do?
Help relieve symptoms of disease - others kill infectious pathogens.
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What are the types of painkillers and what do they do?
Paracetamol, aspirin, morphine - block nerve impulses from painful body parts + block impulses to part of brain responsible for perceiving pain. Don't kill pathogens involved.
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What do antibiotics do?
Kill bacteria or stop their growth but don't work against viruses.
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What was the first antibiotic discovered?
Penicillin - Alexander Flemming, 1928.
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How do common antibiotics work?
Penicillin - Breaks down cell walls. Erythromycin- Stops synthesis. Cirprofloxacin.- Stops DNA replication.
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What have antibiotics prevented?
Many deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
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What can develop resistance to antibiotics?
Bacterial Strains - happens because of natural selection.
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What can happen due to antibiotic resistance?
Cells survive and reproduce. Produces even more bacteria that aren't affected by antibiotics.
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How is MRSA dangerous?
It's a strain of bacteria resistant to most antibiotics.
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How can you slow or stop the development of other strains of resistant bacteria?
Avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics, complete full course of medication.
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What can the appearance of resistant strains of bacteria do?
Could cause vaccinations and antibiotics to no longer work.
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What has to be developed due to people not being immune and not having effective treatment?
New antibiotics.
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What is step one of the development of resistance?
Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of non-resistant strain.
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What is step two of the development of resistance?
Resistant individual pathogens survive + reproduce.
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What is step three of the development of resistance?
Population of resistant pathogens increases rate of development of resistant strains of bacteria that can be slowed down.
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How can you decrease the risk of developing resistant strains?
Avoid using antibiotics for non serious infections. E.g. Mild throat infections.
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Who discovered how to grow bacteria in a petri dish?
Robert Kotch.
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At what temperature should bacteria be kept at to grow and not spread?
25°C
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At what temperature is it dangerous to grow bacteria at?
37°C
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Too much food and not enough exercise?

Back

Overweight and ill health.

Card 3

Front

What are nutrients?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where are carbs found?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are carbs needed for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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