Schizophrenic and Psychotic Disorder

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  • Created by: germimuh
  • Created on: 10-05-22 14:51
What are psychotic disorders?
Disorders that involve a major break from reality
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According to the DSM-5, what are the symptoms of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders? (know atleast 3)
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thoughts, catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms such as loss of speech etc
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What case study is used when talking about schizophrenia?
Conrad
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What happened to Conrad?
23 y/o male who had his first psychotic episode on holiday at 22. He subsequently spent 8 months in a psychiatric hospital. Through trial and error he found medication that was right for him, but it causes weight gain.
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What is delusional disorder?
Disorder characterised by persistent delusions, but no other symptoms of schizophrenia and psychotic disorder
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What are the four types of delusion?
Erotomanic: someone is in love with them
Grandiose: they have great unrecognised skills
Jealous: partner is being unfaithful
Persecutory: they are being conspired against by people who intend to harm them
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How do you receive a diagnosis of delusional disorder?
Have experienced symptoms for atleast 1 month, symptoms are not caused by substance abuse or physiological issues, and can't be better explained by a different physical/psychological diagnosis
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Who used virtual reality to assess the symptoms of schizophrenia and when?
Freeman 2008
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What were the seven ways VR can help with schizophrenia according to Freeman 2008? 1/2
`1. VR can provide a standardised assessment of symptoms
2. VR can provide an ideal setting to monitor any correlations of symptoms
3. VR can help predict how patients will react to situations presented to them
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What were the seven ways VR can help with schizophrenia according to Freeman 2008? 2/2
4. Assessment of predictors
5. Identification of environmental predictors
6. Establishing causal factors
7. Developing treatment
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of the study by Freeman?
Strength: good applications, can be used by practitioners to assess the severity of a psychological condition
Weakness: Unnatural environment means a lack of ecological validity
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Who came up with the genetic explanation of schizophrenia and delusional disorder and when?
Gottesman and Shields 1972
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What was the main question of the review by Gottesman and Shields?
Is there an inherited component to schizophrenia?
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What did Gottesman and Shields do to see if schizophrenia was inherited?
They examined monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (non-identical) twins to see if there was a genetic component as monozygotic twins share all their genetic material.
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What did Gottesman and Shield's find out?
When one monozygotic twin is diagnosed with schizophrenia, there is a 58% chance that the other will also have schizophrenia. But, in dizygotic twins, this is only a 12% chance.
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What did Gottesman and Shield's review conclude?
There is a higher chance of both twins having schizophrenia for monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins.
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of Gottesman and Shield's review?
Strength: There is cross-references between 8 studies, meaning it is reliable.
Weakness: It's reductionist as it assumed no other factors outside of genetics can cause schizophrenia
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What is the dopamine hypothesis?
The idea that dopamine receptors in schizophrenics are oversensitive compared to non-schizophrenics
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How did Linstroem et al (1999) test the dopamine hypothesis?
Injected radioactive L-DOPA that is used up in the production of dopamine into 10 schizophrenics and 10 healthy controls. Used PET scans to trace it's usage.
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What did Linstroem et al (1999) find out?
L-DOPA was used significantly faster in the schizophrenics, showing they produce more dopamine.
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What is the cognitive explanations for schizophrenia?
Idea that schizophrenia is caused by faulty information processing
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Who studies the cognitive explanation for schizophrenia and when?
Frith 1992
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What did Frith believe was the cause of schizophrenia?
They may have a deficient meta-representation, the mechanism that allows us to reflect on thoughts/feelings/behaviours and control of self-awareness and reactions to others
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What are the two main types of medication used to treat schizophrenia?
Typical antipsychotics (first generation) and atypical antipsychotics (second generation)
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What is electro-convulsive therapy?
procedure where a person received a brief application of electricity to induce a seizure.
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of ECT?
Strength: Evidence suggest it can be an effective treatment
Weakness: It is widely ethically debated, and the long-term effects are mostly unknown.
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What is a token economy?
Based on the idea of operant conditioning; behaviour is shaped towards the desired behaviour by giving out tokens every time a relevant behaviour is shown
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Who conducted the study into token economy and when?
Paul and Lentz 1977
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What was the method used by Paul and Lentz? 1/2
Patient's of an institution that housed schizophrenics were given token when they behaved appropriately (participated in group therapy, self-care etc) which could be exchanged for luxury items..
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What was the method used by Paul and Lentz? 2/2
..such as cigarettes. If a behaviour was 'inappropriate' or rules were broken, tokens were taken away.
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What were the results found by Paul and Lentz?
Patient's who went through the token economy programme were more likely to be released from the institution earlier, and performed more self-care. There was also less of a need for medication in the token economy group.
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Who conducted the same study as Paul and Lentz, but in a female psychiatric facility? What did they find?
Ayllon and Azrin
Patient's rewarded for self-care acts eg brushing hair, behaviour rapidly improved and there was an increase in staff morale as more positive behaviours were viewed.
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What does CBT stand for?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
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What is CBT?
Therapy that aims to change people's thoughts and beliefs, and the way that they process information. Therapists challenge irrational thoughts and behaviours.
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What is the use of CBT in treating schizophrenia?
Help patient' make sense of the psychotic experiences and reduce the negative affects of their condition
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Who tested the use of CBT in schizophrenic patients whose symptoms were not responding to medication and when?
Sensky et al 2000
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What were the participant requirements set by Sensky et al?
- Aged 16-60
- Diagnosed with schizophrenia
- Had persistent symptoms for at least 6months
- Showed no improvement on medication
- Did not abuse substances
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What was the sample used by Sensky et al?
90 participants that qualified according to the criteria who were randomly assigned to either a 'befriending' intervention or a manualised CBT course meant for schizophrenia
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What was the method used by Sensky et al?
Both interventions were delivered by experienced nurses, and participants were assessed at baseline, after treatment and at a 9 month follow up.
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What were the results of the study by Sensky et al?
Both interventions significantly reduced symptoms of schizophrenia, however at the 9 month follow-up the CBT group had continued to improve whereas the befriending group had not.
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of the study by Sensky et al?
Strength: Long-term follow-up showed CBT to still be effective for clients
Weakness: The results were collected by questionnaire, so could be subjective and therefore less valid.
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What are the issues and debates around treatment of schizophrenia and delusional disorder?
+ All therapies have application to everyday life
- Most not longitudinal, so we don't know if they work over time.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thoughts, catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms such as loss of speech etc

Back

According to the DSM-5, what are the symptoms of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders? (know atleast 3)

Card 3

Front

Conrad

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

23 y/o male who had his first psychotic episode on holiday at 22. He subsequently spent 8 months in a psychiatric hospital. Through trial and error he found medication that was right for him, but it causes weight gain.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Disorder characterised by persistent delusions, but no other symptoms of schizophrenia and psychotic disorder

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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