S2W1 Pathophysiology of inflammation I and II (FS)

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what are some triggers of acute inflammation?
Physical trauma or wound
Infection
Allergy
Physical agents
Chemicals
Tissue necrosis
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What are the clinical features of inflammation?
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
Loss of function
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What is the process of early acute inflammation?
Trigger, detection and signalling:
1. Damage directly releases histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, PAMPs and DAMPs
2. this leads to pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells sihnalling inflammatory mediators
Vascular response:
1. Cytokine se
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What are some examples of anti-inflammatory cytokines?
TGF-beta
IL-4, IL-10 and I-13
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What are some examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines?
TNF-a
IL-1
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How do APCs bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity?
Present pathogen antigens from the innate immunity to T and B cells through movement in the lymphatic system
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what is phagocyte-pathogen interaction promoted by?
opsonisation with complement C3b
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What is the induction phase of the adaptive immunity?
Begins when a pathogen is digested by an immature dendritic cell (CD4 or CD8)
This triggers T cell activation (Th0 and Th1) then triggering more cells (iTreg, nTreg cells and Th2) finally triggering B cells
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What is the effector phase of adaptive immunity?
Humoral immunity: B cells make antibodies
Cell mediated immunity: cytotoxic T cells kill intracellular microorganisms
Activate macrophages
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What are some potential outcomes from inflammation?
lymph node enlargement, increased circulating WBCs, Liver releases acute phase response proteins
Fatigue, malaise, nausea
Scarring
Abscess
Chronic inflammation - tissue destruction
Healing
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What are the effects of NSAIDs on inflammation?
e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen
inhibit prostaglandins, therefore inhibiting inflammation
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What are the effects of corticosteroids on inflammation?
e.g. Prednisolone, hydrocortisone
Decrease the production and action of cytokines
Decrease complement
Vasoconstriction
Decreased angiogenesis and fibrosis
So overall reduces inflammation
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What are some mechanisms underlying the development of autoimmune disease?
Abnormal detectionof a 'trigger' leads to autoimmune disease and tissue destruction
flow: initiation, propagation,resolution, propagation, resolution leads to progressive damage of the affected tissue and organ
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What are some treatment methods of autoimmune disease?
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Disease modifying drugs
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What are the effects of biologic on inflammation?
They target cytokines and their release
reduce inflammation
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What are the effects of immunosupressants on inflammation?
Reduce immune cell proliferation
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What is hypersensitivity?
An excessive and potentiall harmful immune reaction to foreign substance not otherwise considered to harmful
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What is type 1 hypersensitivity?
an allergic reaction triggered by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen called an allergen
Immediate
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What is the role of anti-histamines in inflammation?
bind to histamine receptors blocking histamine so it cannot cause vasodilation leading to tumor
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What is Type 2 hypersensitivity?
It is antibody-dependent
IgG and IgM are directed to the cellular antigen. This causes opsonisation and phagocytosis of own cells
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What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
Complex mediated
IgG or IgM form complexes with soluble antigen
These complexes become deposited in tissues where they activate inflammation, causing tissue damage
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What is type 4 hypersensitivity?
Delayed
T cell migration to antigens causing inflammation
Does not involve antibodies
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What is the role of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
Block the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory chemicals that cause tightening of airways
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the clinical features of inflammation?

Back

Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
Loss of function

Card 3

Front

What is the process of early acute inflammation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are some examples of anti-inflammatory cytokines?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are some examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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