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6. Why is hegemony never guaranteed?

  • Because it is always possible the working class will develop an alternative vision about how society should be organised
  • Because capitalists are selfish and therefore always compete with each other
  • Because it is possible for people to move between classes which means the ruling class can be overthrown

7. Engles described religion as having what?

  • A principle of hope
  • A dual character
  • Capitalist values

8. Worsley sees Millenarian movements as expecting what?

  • Complete equality among all nations
  • The total and imminent transformation of this world by supernatural means to create heaven on earth
  • The end of the world or ‘dooms day’ within which those who have been obedient to God on earth will be saved

9. How has the success of liberation theology influenced Neo-Marxist views?

  • It led them to become Functionalists
  • It led them to question whether religion is always a conservative force
  • It confirmed to them that all religions act as a conservative force

10. What does Gramsci mean by hegemony?

  • Ideological domination or leadership of society
  • The maintaining of social hierarchy
  • The cutting of hedges

11. What three factors led to liberation theology?

  • Capitalism, religion and Marxist ideology
  • Deepening rural poverty; human rights abuse following military take-overs; and a growing commitment among Catholic priests to the poor
  • The working-class developing class consciousness; Catholic priests’ commitment to equality; and a change in the law

12. True or False: Worsley notes that millenarian movements combine elements of traditional beliefs with elements of Christianity.

  • True
  • False

13. What were the three ways Billings identified in which religion could either support or challenge hegemony?

  • He doesn’t; religion only supports hegemony because it’s controlled by the capitalists
  • Providing leadership, places to hold meetings and organise, and support
  • Providing support, money and hospitality

14. How do Marxists see religion as having relative autonomy?

  • They don’t
  • It can be partly independent of society’s economic base and is sometimes a force of change
  • It isn’t always found in capitalist societies, some communist countries, such as Cuba, still have religion

15. Who describes religion as ‘the principle of hope’?

  • Otto Maduro
  • Ernest Bloch
  • Friedrich Engles