Relationships

Sexual selection

Sexual selection argues that if a characteristic increases the chances of reproduction then the characteristic will be adaptive because the animal will have more offspring. Sexual Selection is the selection of characteristics that increase mating success

1 of 146

Anisogamy

Anisogamy refers to the differences between male and female sex cells.

2 of 146

Male gametes:

Small sperm which are highly mobile created continuously in vast amounts from puberty to old age and does not require a lot of energy to reproduce.

3 of 146

Female gametes:

Large eggs or ova they are static produce at intervals for limited number of fertile years ad require large amounts of energy.

4 of 146

Differences in gametes what does this mean:

Since there is so shortage in fertile males but there is a shortage of fertile women this results in differences in mating strategies between the sexes.
1) inter-sexual selection
2) intra-sexual selection

5 of 146

Intersexual selection

This refers to the preference of one sex for members of the opposite sex who posses certain qualities. It usually refers to females choosing.
(Quality over quantity)

6 of 146

continued...

The consequences of making the wrong choice of partner are more serious for the female than the male so it pays for her to be choosy.

Therefore the females mating strategy is to select a genetically fit partner who is able and willing to provide resource

7 of 146

**** son hypothesis:

A female mates with a male who has desirable characteristics and his **** trait is inherited by her son. This increase the likelihood that successive generations of females will mate with her offspring e.g. height

8 of 146

Intrasexual selection

This refer to the competition between members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex .In most cases this means males fighting with each other for females.
(Quantity over Quality)

9 of 146

continued...

The winner gets to reproduce and pass on his winning characteristics to his offspring. The best reproductive strategy for males is to mate with as many females as possible due to minimal energy required to produce sperm.

10 of 146

What do males look for...

Males look for youth and physical attractiveness because these are normally good signs of health and therefore a sign of fertility and reproductive value.

11 of 146

What does Singh say?

Men prefer women with small waists and large hips a narrow waist shows absence of pregnancy.

12 of 146

research support
Sex differences in human mate
preferences – Buss (1989)

-Survey over 10,000 adults in 33 countries.
-He asked question relating to age and attributes
-Which the EV theory predicts should be important in partner preference
-Found females place greater value on resources financial prospects and ambition
-Males

13 of 146

Short-term mating preferences –
Clarke and Hatfield (1989)

They got male and female psych students to approach other students
-ask them I have been noticing you around campus I find you very attractive would you go to bed with me tonight
0% of females said yes
75% males said yes
supports EV theory that females a

14 of 146

Ignores social and cultural
Influences

Bereczkei - social change has consequences for women's mating preferences they are no longer looking for finance or resources or men to provide as women have more roles in the workplaces and can provide for themselves
Chang-compared partner preference in

15 of 146

What is self disclosure?

Self disclosure is where a person reveals information about themselves to another person.
Romantic partner reveal more about themselves as their relationship develops. These self disclosures are about ones deepest thoughts and feelings which can strengthe

16 of 146

social penetration theory

self disclosure is a major concept within Altman and Taylors social penetration theory and it is he gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone else.
When one partner reveals some personal information they display trust to go further the other

17 of 146

Breadth and depth

There are two elements to this idea and they are called breadth and depth. As both of these increase romantic partners become more committed to each other (levels of detail AND INFORMATION)
first the most superficial info(breadth) is shared like biographi

18 of 146

Low risk and high risk info..

Breadth and depth can also be understood through the concept of high risk and low risk info low risk in is like name and age and high risk info re secrets,expereinces and memories.

19 of 146

Reciprocity of self disclosure

Its important to be reciprocal in the disclosure as this is the only way breadth and depth will increase.
Reis and Shaver - once you have decided to disclose something that reveals your true self.Hopeefully your partner will respond in the same way that i

20 of 146

continued..

There must be a balance of self disclosure for a successful romantic relationship.

21 of 146

Evaluation - Support from research studies.
- counter cant establish cause and effect

Predictions about self-disclosure have derived from social penetration theory have been supported by research.
Sprecher and Hendrick studied heterosexual dating couples and found strong correlations between several measures of satisfaction and self disclo

22 of 146

Evaluation - Support from research studies.

Laurenceau used daily diary entries and found that self-disclosure
was linked to higher levels of intimacy in long term married couples. Less intimate couples self-disclosure less often. Increases our confidence in the validity of
the theory as SD leads t

23 of 146

Cultural differences

The prediction the SD will lead to more satisfying and intimate relationships is not true for all cultures.it depends on the type of sef-disclosure.Tang reviewed the research literature regarding sexual self-disclousre.They concluded that men and women in

24 of 146

continued...

Self disclosure theory is therefore limited explanation of romantic relationships based that the findings from individualist cultures can't be generalised to all cultures.

25 of 146

Real-world application

Research into self disclosure can also help those who want to improve their relationships.Hass and Stafford found that 57% of gay men and women said that open and honest self disclosure helped to strengthen and maintain their relationship. If less skilled

26 of 146

continued

demonstrates the benefit of psychological insights.

27 of 146

Physical attraction

Physical attractiveness is an important factor in formation of romantic relationships.Th term applies to how appealing we find a persons appearance.
Most of the time we seek to form relationships with the most attractive people.

28 of 146

Explain the importance of physical attraction

Shackleford and Larsen found that people with symmetrical faces are rated as more attractive. This is because it may be a sign of genetic fitness.
people are also more attracted to faces with neotenous features (baby face)
Widley separated eyes, delicat

29 of 146

Explain the importance of physical attraction
continued

these trigger carrying and protective instinct a valuable resource for females wanting to reproduce.

30 of 146

McNulty

Initial attractiveness that brought the partners together continue to be an important feature of the relationship after marriage.

31 of 146

Halo effect

Dion et al found that psychically attractive people are consistently rated as kind, strong and sociable and successful compared to unattractive people. People will believe that good looking people have good characteristics so we behave positively towards

32 of 146

Halo effect continued..

The belief that good looking people probably have these characteristics makes them even more attractive to us so we behave more positively to wards them - self fulfilling prophecy.

33 of 146

what effect does this have on other factors like personality...

psychologists use the term halo effect to describe how ones physical features can determine someone's judgements of personality.

34 of 146

The matching hypothesis

The matching hypothesis was proposed by Elaine Walster who argues that our assessment of our own attractiveness may play a role in our choice of romantic partners and tend to choose someone who is similar to use. We do this to avoid being rejected by some

35 of 146

continued..

Our choice of partner is a compromise we desire the most physically attractive partner for psychological, cultural ,social and evolutiontary reasons but we don't want to be rejected by someone who might not consider us as attractive.

36 of 146

Research support for the Halo effect

Palmer and peter found that physically attractive people were rated as more politically knowledgeable and competent than unattractive people. The halo effect was so powerful that it persisted even when participants knew that these 'knowledgeable' people h

37 of 146

individual differences

Some people don't seem to attach much importance to physical attractivness.For example Towhey asked male and female participants to rate how much they would like a target individual based on their photograph and some biographical information. They also c

38 of 146

continued...

participants who scored high on the scale were more influenced by physical attractiveness when making a judgement about likeablility those who scored low were less sensitive to influence. Shows that effects of physical attractiveness can be moderated by o

39 of 146

role of cultural differences

Research shows that what is considered physically attractive is remarkably consistent across cultures. Cunningham found that female features of large eyes prominent cheekbones, small nose and high eyebrows were rated as attractive by white, Hispanic and A

40 of 146

continued

showing that the stereotype is strong in both collectivist and individualist cultures

41 of 146

Research contradicting the matching hypothesis

Taylor studied the activity logs of popular online dating sites. It was a real life test of the matching hypothesis because it measured actual date choices and not merely preferences. Online daters sought meetings with potential partners who were more at

42 of 146

Filter theory

The filter theory is an explanation of relationship formation and how they develop it was proposed by Kerchoff and Davis. A series of difference factors progressively limits the range of available romantic partners to a much smaller pool of possibilities.

43 of 146

1st filter

social demography level 1
refers to a wide range of factors which influence the chances of meeting with a partner. Geographical location ,social class, ethnic group, religion and education. The benefit of proximity is accessibility.
out come of filtering

44 of 146

2nd filter

similarity of attitudes 2nd level
partners will often share important believes and values partly because the field of available has already been narrowed down by the first filter.
Kerchoff and Davis found that similarity of attitudes was important in the

45 of 146

3rd filter

complementarity 3rd level
The third filter concerns the ability of partners to meet each others needs. Two partners complement each other when they have traits that the other lacks. For example one partner might like to tell jokes while the other like to

46 of 146

continued...

the need for complementarity is needed in long term couples/later stage of the relationship because it give partners the feeling tat together they form a whole which adds depth to the relationship.

47 of 146

Lack of temporal validity

The rise of online dating in recent years has changed the process of the beginning of a relationship. It has reduced the importance of some social demographic variables. Technology and online dating apps have made
it easier to meet partners and communica

48 of 146

Support from research evidence

Filter theory assumes that key factors in a relationship change over time. This makes sense and agrees with most people experience of romantic relationships so it has face validity. It also has research support from winch who found evidence that similarit

49 of 146

continued...

Physical attractiveness. Between partners happily married for several years complentairty is more important than similarities according to winch

50 of 146

Failure to replicate

levinger pointed out that many studies have failed to replicate the original findings that formed the basis of filter theory. He put this down to social changes over time also difficulties finding the cut off point between long term and short term relati

51 of 146

similarity or complementarity??

some researchers challenge the claim of filter theory that complementarity becomes more important than similarity later in a relationship. The fact that Anderson found similarity increases overtime suggests that complementarity is not necessarily a common

52 of 146

continued...

Gruber-Baldini carried out a longitudinal study of married coupes and found that similarity increase over time between spouse in terms of intellectual abilities and attitudinal flexibility increased over a 14 year period.

53 of 146

social exchange theory

social exchange theory is a theory proposed b Thibault and Kelley. A theory of how relationships form and develop. It assumes that romantic partners act of self interest in exchanging rewards and costs.

54 of 146

continued...

A satisfying and committed relationship is maintained when rewards exceed costs and when alternatives are less attractive than current relationship.

55 of 146

Social exchange theory what type of theory is it.

Social exchange theory is an economic theory. Relationships are like a business where we try to minimise losses and maximise gains.

We form and maintain relationships because they are rewarding this means that they are profitable as the outweigh the cos

56 of 146

Reward-cost=outcome

If you have more costs then you have rewards it is unlikely a relationship will form.
rewards and costs are subjective (differ from person to person)
-The values of rewards and costs might change during a relationship what we see s rewarding at the start

57 of 146

continued

Blau - relationships can be expensive so costs include stress,energy,compromise and so on

58 of 146

two ways in which we measure profits in a romantic relationship

The comparison level
and
The comparison level for alternatives

59 of 146

Comparison level

The comparison level is the amount of reward you believe you deserve to get it develops from experience of previous relationships and social norms
if you have a low self-esteem your comparison level will be low if you have a high self-esteem your comparis

60 of 146

comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)

Social exchange theory predicts that we only stay in a current relationship only if it is more rewarding then any other possible relationship.
If the cost of our current relationship outweighs the reward we start looking for alternatives

61 of 146

Stages of relationship development

Thibault and Kelley's social exchange theory concerns the 4 stages through which relationships develop
-sampling stage
-bargaining stage
-commitment stage
-institutionalisation stage

62 of 146

sampling stage -

where we explore the rewards and costs by experimenting with them or by observing others

63 of 146

Bargaining stage

the beginning of a relationship negotiating rewards and costs and identifying which is most profitable

64 of 146

commitment stage

rewards increase and costs lessen and relationship becomes more stable

65 of 146

institutionalisation stage

partners more settled the norms of the relationship have become established.

66 of 146

SET ignores equity

The social exchange theory focuses on comparison levels and the ratio of rewards and costs. It ignores one crucial factor and that is fairness or equity. There is support for the role of equity in relationships and the view that this is more important tha

67 of 146

Direction of cause and effect

SET argues that dissatisfaction sets in when we suspect that costs outweigh rewards or that alternatives are more attractive. Argyle points out that we don't measure costs or rewards in a relationship until we are dissatisfied. Miller supports the idea th

68 of 146

continued...

of a relationship carrying on two months later.so people in committed relationships ignore even the most attractive alternatives.

69 of 146

Artificial task

Many studies that support SET use artificial tasks in artificial conditions. For example one common procedure involves to strangers working together on a game playing scenario where the cost and rewards are distrabuted.The two partners know nothing about

70 of 146

continued...

Snapshot studies cannot account for the properties that emerge from a relationship overtime.

71 of 146

Measuring set concepts

SET deals in concepts that are difficult to quantify. Rewards and costs have been defined superficially in order to measure them but psychological rewards and costs are more difficult to define especially when they vary so much from one person to another.

72 of 146

Equality theory

Equality theory was proposed by Walser the core aim of equity is to ensure that there is a balance. Balance is achieved more through perceived fairness and people feel distressed if they perceive inequity.

73 of 146

The role of equity

Both partners level of profit is the same,
when there is a lack of equity it means that one partner over benefits and one partner under benefits from the relationship. Those who under benefit feel the greatest dissatisfaction in form of anger, hostility a

74 of 146

equity and equality

Its not the amount of rewards and costs that matter it the ratio of the 2 to each other.
If one person put a lot into heir relationship but at the sometime gets a lot out of it then it will seem fair enough.
Likewise if a person does not put in a lot of e

75 of 146

consequences of inequity

Equity theory predicts a correlation between inequity and dissatisfaction. Changes in the level of perceived equity makes us most dissatisfied. for example at the start of a relationship it may feel natural to contribute more than you receive but once it

76 of 146

Dealing with inequity

Usually under benefitted partner works hard to make it more equal again the more unfair it feels the harder partners work to make it fair.
another possible way of dealing with equity is more cognitive than behavioural. This is where they will revise their

77 of 146

research support evaluation:

One strength is evidence from studies of real world application that confirms equity theory as more of a valid explanation than SET.Utne carried out a survey of 118 newly wed couples measuring equity with two self report scales.PPts had been together for

78 of 146

continued...

This confirms that equity is a major concern of romantic couples and is linked with satisfaction.

79 of 146

counter

Berg and Quinn found that equity does not increase over time. They found that equity did not increase over time in relationships that had ended or with those that had continued. Other factors like self-discloser were significantly important which undermin

80 of 146

Cultural limitations

Equity theory assumes the need for equity is universal across all cultures. However Aumer-Ryan found that there are cultural differences in the link between equity and satisfaction. Researchers compared couples in collectivist cultures and individualist c

81 of 146

continued...

when they over benefited in both men and women. Suggests equity theory claims that equity is universal is unwarranted and therefore limited because it cant account for cultural differences.

82 of 146

Individual differences

Not all partners in romantic relationships are concerned about achieving equity.Hseman suggested that some people are less sensitive to equity than others. They describe some partners as benevolent who are prepared to contribute more to a relationship tha

83 of 146

Rustbults investment model

According to Rustbults commitment to a relationship depends on three different factors:
-Satisfaction Level
-Comparison with Alternatives
-Investment Size

84 of 146

Satisfaction

The extent to which romantic partners feel the rewards of the relationship exceeds the costs.

85 of 146

Quality of Alternatives

We may continue a better relationship because there are no better relationship because there are no better options.( more rewards more likely to stay)

86 of 146

Investment

Anything an individual puts into a relationship that will be lost if they leave it.

87 of 146

model

satisfaction
alternatives
investments
|
commitment level
|
Future decision stay or leave

88 of 146

Research

To test his hypothesis Rustbults asked his college students in heterosexual relationships to complete questionnaires over a month period. They kept notes about how satisfactory it was and how it compared to others and how much they had invested in it.Stu

89 of 146

findings

When satisfaction and investments where high they where more committed to the relationship and cared less about alternatives. When it was low they cared more about alternatives and deciding to break up.

90 of 146

Investment size

Rustbults suggested that CL and the CLalt from SET are not enough to explain commitment to a relationship
Rustbults found that when people were deciding whether to end a relationship not only did they weigh up the costs and the rewards and possible alte

91 of 146

What is investment size defined as??

She defines investment as anything a person puts into a relationship that will be lost if they leave it.This includes things like children's welfare and emotional energy or possessions

92 of 146

Two types of investment

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

93 of 146

Intrinsic

Anything we directly put into the relationship like Money,possesion,energy,emotion and self-disclosure

94 of 146

Extrinsic

Any resource hat previously did not feature in the relationship but are now closely associated to it.Possessions ought together like house or car, mutual freinds,children and shared memories.

95 of 146

Satisfaction vs commitment

rustbelt argues that the main psychological factors that causes people to stay in a relationship is not satisfaction but commitment. This is important because it explains why dissatisfied partners will stay in a relationship because they are committed and

96 of 146

why are they so committed

because they have made an investment that they do not want to see go to waste therefore they will try work had to maintain and repair a damaged relationship especially when it hits a rough patch

97 of 146

relationship maintenance mechanisms

commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours
accommodation - act to promote relationship
willing to sacrifice-partners interests first
forgiveness -easily forgive for serious transgression
positive illusions -unrealistically positive abo

98 of 146

Explains abusive relationships

The investment model is thought to be particular valid and useful in explaining relationships involving intimate partner violence. It could seem surprising that someone would continue to stay committed in an abusive relationship. Well the reason it not be

99 of 146

continued...

and had fewest attractive alternatives. Model recognises that a victim of DV does not have to be satisfied to stay in it.

100 of 146

Research support

One strength of the investment model is from the meta analysis by Le and Agnew.They reviewed 52 correlational studies from 5 countries and found strong correlation between satisfaction, comparison with alternatives and investments all predicted relationsh

101 of 146

Counter

Correlational studies do not establish a cause and effect.E.g maybe more committed you feel towards your partner the more investments your willing to make therefore it is not clear that the model has identified the causes of commitment.

102 of 146

Methodological strengths

Most of the data collected in support of the investment model is self-report data gathered through questionnaires and interviews however these are appropriate because its not the objective reality of factors like investment size that matters its the indiv

103 of 146

Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown

Duck proposed a relationship breakdown model he argued that the ending of a relationship is not a one off event but is a process and takes time to happen through four distinct stages. Each phase is marked by a partner reaching threshold where the perce

104 of 146

Intra-psychic phase
'I can't stand this anymore'

This is the cognitive process that occur within the individual and the dissatisfied partner broods of reasons for their dissatisfaction and may share with a trusted freind.Weigh up the pros and cons and evaluate against alternatives.

105 of 146

Dyadic stage
'I'd be justified in withdrawing'

Partners can't avoid talking about their relationship anymore and confronts partner revealing why they are dissatisfied. Partner may rethink about their commitments.
Are they determined to mend things or break thing up.

106 of 146

social phase
'I mean it'

the break up is made public and partner seek support and mutual friends expected to pick side.
-some friends gossip
-some friends comfort
-some friends revel secret info
some might help try to repair

107 of 146

graves dressing
'it's inevitable ,time to get a new life'

The focus of this phase is the aftermath once the relationship is dead the time comes to bury it.Partners save face an maintain positive reputation by spinning a favourable story about our relationship.
This stage involves creating a personal story you
ca

108 of 146

real world application

one strength of the model is that it suggests ways in which relationship breakdown can be reversed
the model recognises different repair strategies which are more effective at different points of the breakdown. For example in the intra psychic stag duckre

109 of 146

cultural bias/cultural differences

The model is based on research into individualistic cultures especially the US Moghaddam et a found relationships in individualistic cultures are generally voluntary and frequently come to an end e.g. divorce. Where as in collectivist cultures this is les

110 of 146

Methodological issues

Most of the research relating to Ducks model is retrospective. Participants generally give their experiences of the breakdown process sometime after the relationship has ended. This means that recall of the breakdown might be distorted and therefore inacc

111 of 146

descriptive rather than explanatory

The model only focuses on the breakdown of the relationship,it does not explain how the relationship gets to that point in the first place.in contrast Felmlees fatal attraction hypothesis argues that the cause of breakdown can be found in the attractive q

112 of 146

virtual relationships

They are relationships that we form online.

113 of 146

self disclosure in virtual relationships

We know that in ftf self disclosure is crucial for the development if a relationship but it can also be important in cmc computer mediated communication and can be explained by two theories.

114 of 146

reduced cues theory

according to kiesler and sproull virtual communication is less effective then face to face ones because they lack the cues that we normally depend on in ftf interactions.They include non-verbal cues such as physical appearance ,facial expressions and tone

115 of 146

continued...

this means less self-disclosure as it is impersonal and we are unlikely to initiate a relationship with someone who is impersonal.

116 of 146

The hyper personal model

Was proposed by walther. Online relationships can be more personal and involve greater self disclosure as they can develop very quickly as they self disclose earlier.cmc are more intense and intimate.They can however end very quickly due to the level of t

117 of 146

Two features of the hyper personal model

1.selective self presentation
2.The receiver gains a positive impression

118 of 146

selective self presentation

the sender of a message has more time to manipulate their online image than they would in a ftf interaction.People online have more control over what to disclose and the cues they send.Easier to manipulate self disclosure and cues they send.Easier to disc

119 of 146

The reciever gains a positive impression

The receiver gains a positive impression of the sender and reinforces the self presentation.

120 of 146

Bargh

Another factor effecting nondisclosure in cmc is anonymity bargh points out that the outcome of this is like the strangers on the train effect in ftf relationships.When your aware that people do not know your identity you feel less accountable for your be

121 of 146

What is a gate ?

A feature /obstacle that could interfere with the development of a relationship ftf.

122 of 146

gating

a gate in this context is any obstacle to the formation of a relationship.FTF interaction is said to be gated because it involves many features that can interfere with the early development of a relationship. Examples of gates can include physical attra

123 of 146

absence of gating in CMC

Is that the gates can remain hidden.This allows self disclosure and intimacy to develop.Then the gate may be revealed but because of the self-disclosure it does not matter as much now.A concern though absence of gating also means that people are free to c

124 of 146

Lack of support for reduced cues theory

the theory is wrong to suggest that non verbal cues are entirely missing from cmc. They are different not absent. Walter and Tidwell point out that people from online interactions use other cues such as style and timing of messages .taking time to react t

125 of 146

continued

showing cmc can be just as interactions can be just as personal as ftf ones

126 of 146

Support for absence of gating

McKenna and Bargh looked at CMC use by lonely and socially anxious people. They found that such people were able to express their true selves more than in ftf situations. Of the romantic relationships that initially formed online 70% survived more than tw

127 of 146

Support for hyper personal model

The hyper personal model predicts that people are motivated to self disclose in CMC in ways which are hyper dishonest and hyperhonest.Whitty and joinson summarise a wealth of evidence that this is the case .For example questions asked online are very dire

128 of 146

continued...

Supports central assertion model where we present our self in an exaggerated positive light which aids relationship formation.

129 of 146

Relationships are multi modal

Walther argues that any theory seeking to explain CMC including the role of self disclosure needs to accommodate the fact that our relationships are generally conducted both online ad offline through many different media.it is not straightforward or an ei

130 of 146

Para social relationships

Para social relationships are one sided unreciprocated relationships usually with a celebrity on which the fan expects a lot of emotional energy commitment and time.

131 of 146

Levels of parasocial relationships

Maltby used CAS which was created by McCutchen in his large sale survey to come up with three levels of par asocial relationships.
each level describing the attitudes and behaviours linked to celebrity worship.

132 of 146

Types of levels...

Entertainment social
intense personal
borderline pathological

133 of 146

entertainment social

This is the least intense level of celebrity worship and celebrities are just viewed as sources of entertainment and social interactions. Giles found that Para social relationships were a fruitful source of gossip in offices.

134 of 146

intense personal

This is the intermediate level where there is greater personal involvement fans might have frequent obsessive thoughts, intense feelings towards celebs or even considering them their soulmates.

135 of 146

borderline pathological

This is the strongest level of celebrity worship, featuring uncontrollable fantasies and extreme behaviours these might include spending or spanning to spend huge amounts of money on celebrity related objects or be willing to perform an illegal act on the

136 of 146

The absorption addiction model

McCutchen explains the tendency to form par asocial relationships in terms of deficiencies people have in their own lives e.g. a personal who has low self-esteem.Absortion:seeking fulfilment in celebrity worship motivates the individual to focus their att

137 of 146

The absorption addiction model

Addictions: Just like an addiction with a drug the individual needs to sustain their commitment to the relationship by feeling closer and stronger involvement with the celeb.This my lead to extreme behaviour and delusional thinking. For example stalking a

138 of 146

The attachment theory explanation

Many psychologists has said that people are more likely to room par asocial relationships in teenage years or adulthood is as a result of childhood difficulties of attachment. Insecure resistant types are more likely to form par asocial relationships as a

139 of 146

continued...

This is because they need to have unfulfilled needs met, but in a relationship that is not accompanied by the threat of rejection breakup and disappointment.

140 of 146

Research support for levels

one strength is that perditions are supported by research.Mccutcheon used CAS to measure PR.Those who scored as borderline-pathological or intense personal tended to experience a high degree of anxiety in their intimate relationships and people at the en

141 of 146

support for the absorption addiction model..

One strength of the model is research showing a link between celebrity worship and body image .The addiction absorption model suggests that a deficiency in a persons life like poor body image would predispose them to forming a PR.Maltby assessed boys and

142 of 146

continued...

They may contribute to the development of a eating disorder. This supports the models prediction of an association between poor psychological functioning and level of PR.

143 of 146

Universal tendency...

One strength of attachment theory is that it can explain why people all over the world have a desire to form a Para social relationship. Dinkha compared to contrasting cultures a collectivist one Kuwait and a individualist on the US. The researchers found

144 of 146

continued...

Supports the view that attachment type may be a universal explanation for the need for a PR.

145 of 146

Counter...

Other evidence is not supportive.McCUtcheon et l measured attachment types and celeb related attitudes in 299 American participants.Reseacrhers found that attachment security did not affect the likelihood of forming a par asocial relationship. This shows

146 of 146

Get Revising

Relationships

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Psychology resources: