Ramsay: Sexual politics in the Contemporary World

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  • Created by: Heather
  • Created on: 20-01-18 19:47
What was the 1960s/70s development?
Rise of feminism, homosexuality, the pill, move towards gay and lesbian emancipation, ****** pleasure, relaxed attitudes and behaviours in sexual matters
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How must historians view the swinging 60s?
We must think critically and how must the historical record can dispute this review
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What is there disagreement over based on this event?
Disagreement over time and extent of the event
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What does this disagreement depend on?
Depends on historians and primary source material
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What is the period remembered as?
One of personal sexual liberation, and counter-culture
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However, why isn't this accurate for everyone?
New social movements didn't represent anyone equally and changes didn't benefit all- Depended on age, race, social class, geographical location, sexuality, marital status,
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For key concepts, what did Foucault call into question?
Foucault called into question the contradictory results of sexual revolution, -He said there was freeom and self determination for some but not all
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How important was Foucault's findings in terms of other historians?
It made a lasting approach in how historians view the topic
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What does permissiveness mean?
Excessive freedom of behaviour
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In whatt four ways is it measured?
-Legal changes, -Shifting attitudes and behaviour, -Media discussion of sex, -Existence of pressure groups
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Why is this a slippery term and needs a critical approach?
As it still hasn't been achieved today
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Although what does Collins say was achieved?
Characteristics such as 'freedom, individualism, iconoclasm, pluralism, openness, pleasure, creativity and a new morality',
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What are the three arguments for when change occured?
-Short sharp revolution [1958-1974], -A longer view [Broader reconstruction after 1945], -Even longer trajectory [19th C onwards]
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Who argues the revolution was short and sharp?
Arthur Marwick and Callum Brown
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Why do they argue it didn't start earlier than 1958?
AS the late 1940s and 50s represented a return to of previous restraints relating to sexuality
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What began to challenge these assumptions, leading to what in issues of gender and sexuality?
Gay and lesbian liberation, -Led to greater liberation and sexualiaty
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Who believed in a longer view, with broader reconstruction after 1945?
Matt Cook, Franz x.Eder
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What did they argue was key to understanding the revolution?
Post-war period
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How did they view the 1940s and 50s?
Not viewed in contrast to later- Social conditions of post-war period are key to understanding how and why change occured, and some of these later foundations came from the conservatism of the 40s/50s
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Therefore, what do they suggest instead of a radical break?
A broader sexual reconstruction
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How in particular examined the post war period's significance and created 3 dominant thesis?
-Summerfield
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hat are the three dominant thesis she creates around this idea?
-Transformation thesis, -Continuity thesis, -Polarisation thesis
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What is transformation thesis?
Argues war changed women's lives when women filled many traditionally male jobs and roles,
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What is continuity thesis?
After 1945, life reverted to the status quo so no change caused by war.
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Who supported this thesis and what did he say?
Withius- Wartime work was a seamless extension of a natural caring nature rather than emancipatory
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What is polarisation thesis?
More noticeable gender differences rather than minimizing them
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Although what does she say about all these interpretations?
She does argue there is evidence to support any of the three interpretations
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Who supports the third explanation for an even longer trajectory [late 19th C onwards?
Frank Mort
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When does he argue new sexological approaches towards sexuality gained more credit?
When movements towards women's education and greater independence began as well as female suffrage-
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How does this approach see changes in gender?
Seen as more gradual
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What are the two arguments for who drove change?
Above vs below
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For the below argument, what kind of revolt was it against who?
A generational revolt- Young generation reacting to the moral standards of older generations
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What movement happened in France in 1970 for homosexuals? What was their slogan?
Homosexual Front of Revolutionary Action (FHAR)-'We want all'
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In 1971, FHAR militants became the first to do what?
They became the first gay and lesbians to publically demonstrate by joining the annual left-wing May day march in Paris
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When was France's firsr autonomous march for gay rights?
25th June 1977
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What was sexualised in society with the introduction of new dress such as mini skirts?
Popular culture
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Give some examples of how popular culture was sexualised?
-Popular music- The BEatles-'Why don't we do it in the road', -Hippies and pop festivals-Soft and hard drugs, -Films e.g. Pleasure Girls
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Who drove change from above and how?
Legislative ahead of public opinion- Particularly on controversial issues such as homosexul reform
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When was the hmosexual reform act and what did it say?
1967, -Decriminalisation in homosexual acts in private for consenting adults aged 21 or older, although many remained illegal
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What was legalised in 1967?
Legalisation of abortion and free distribution of the pill
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When was the Divorce Reform Act?
1970- Divorce made easier
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In the US, what was an important legal change for hmosexuals in 1973?
Exclusion of homosexuality from the American psychiatric association classification of mental diseases
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WHat Act was introduced in 1975?
Sex Discrimination Act- Unlawful for employer to discriminate against workers on grounds of sex or martial status
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Looking at what shows that change could have come from above?
Public opinion polls and surveys
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In 1991 British survery, what % of respondents thought adult same-sex relations were always weong?
52%
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The 1940s and 1950s: A return to moral conservatism?
-
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What was 'socially reconstructed' after laxness of war years?
-marriage, -Nuclear family, -Traditional domestic role for women
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While it was seen as crucial for reconstruction of society, not all agree. What is Britain centred on?
Hom centred- Sex, marriage and family to counter crisis of war and rising divorce rates,
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What was the new welfare state based on to counter the laxness of sexua attiudes?
On the nuclear family
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What period decribed the US in the 40s/50s?
A new 'victorianism'
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Wat was emphasised for middle class women?
Passivity and domesticity
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Was their freedom aroudn sex and gender?
No-Obsession with controlling it. Liberal consensus was heterosexuality, marriage, male breadwinner, stay at home wife and mother,
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How were outsiders of this viewed?
'Deviant' or 'subversive'
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For allied occupied west Germany, what was the ideal?
-Stable nuclear family, -Clear division of sexes, -Sexual morality predicated on marriage
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For Soviet occuped East Germany, what did the end of the wark mark and why?
Sexual violence- Millions of rapes by Red Army, -Family upheaval- Seperation of families as men still in camps as prisoners of war, and many struggled to reconnect at home,
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What legislation was maintained by East German regime?
The Third Reich's legislation
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However, what ban was temporarily lifted?
Ban on abortion
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In 1950, whatr Law was introduced which meant what for abortion?
1950 Law for Protection of Mother and child- Abortion only in cases of severe risk to health or eugenic grounds for termination
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In contrast to the West, what were womens rights like?
Thye had rights in legislation and daily practice- Encouragement of women taking up paid work and remaining in workforce after having children
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For persecution of sexual deviance, what was persecution of prostition and homosexulity like?
It continued an intensified
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What was their paranoia about based on sexual liberalism?
A lack fo sexual restraint demonstrated bad citizenship
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What was homosexuality represented as? (3)
A threat, bad citizenship and laxed patriotism
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For West and East Germany, what maintained homosexul acts as illegal?
Paragraph 175a
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In the US, what was homosexuality classed as under what American Association?
American Psychiatric Association- homosexuality as a sociopathic personality disturbance
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In the US what was the Lavander scare?
Homosexuals purged from government stations due to their threat of being persuaded by enemies to become a spy.
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WHat do historians compare this scare to?
Witch hunts
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What legislation followed this in 1953?
Executive Order 10450- Made homosexuality grounds for dismissal in federal jobs, and remained until 70s,
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What act was introduced which banned homosexuals in 1952?
Immigration and Nationality Act
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However, did this stop gay and lesbian subcultures?
No they flourished, showng breadth and vitality
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Give some examples of how they weren't suppressed?
Tea rooms- Possible to engage in sexual activities, -Gay and lesbian bar- Important for expressing identities- Retained an 'underground' status,
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Was sexual freedom repressed too? Examples of why?
No- Sex before mariage at a younger age
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How many indepth interviews did Alfred Kinsey undertake?
11,000 indepth interviews
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Why did it create a sensation?
It showed men and women were getting involved in acts that were deemed unacceptable
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What percent of men and women masterbated?
92% of men, 62% of women
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What fraction of men and women engaged in pre-marital sex?
2/3rds of men, 1/2 of women
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What percent showed a sexual reaction to both men and womne?
46% of men, 14% of women
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However, who were the targets selected?
Self-selected volunteers so mainly prison inamtes and college students over-represented
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Based on the findings, why does he argue against a rigid binary?
He argues human sexuality was able to change throughout the lif cycle,
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Therefore, what must we question?
Was there a return to conservatism
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The 1960s and 70s: A sexual revolution?
-
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What three topics of legislative changes are we looking at in this period?
-Gender equality, -Homosexuality, -Abortion
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For abortion in Britain, when was the Abortion Act introduced?
1967 Abortion Act
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While this decrimalsied abortion, what were the terms?
2 medical practitioners had to agree the pregnacy was less than 24 weeks, and pregnancy would involved greater risk to physical or mental health of mother and her family,
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While this is a big shift, did woman have control over their own abortions?
No-Still hands of male dominated medicine,
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In the US, what and when was the law suit in which the Supreme court upholds a couple's right to use contraception?
Griswold v Connecticut -1965
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What law suit and what year did the Supreme court overrule the Texan law making abortion illegal?
Roe v Wafe 1973
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What grounds was this law overruled?
On grounds that woman's right to end pregnancy was part of "right of privacy" as guaranteed by the 14th amendment
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What did it fall short of?
A woman's right to end a pregnancy
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In West Germany, when was abortion legalised for medical, social and ethical reasons? were there any conditions?
-1976, -Yes- Time limits and final decision by medical experts
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In East Germany, when was the Law for Protection of Mother and Child and Rights of Women introduced?
1950
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What did this Law allow for women?
-Child allowances,-Special health centres, -Pregnancy elave, -Abortion to preserve life or health of pregnant women, -Requests authorised by medical and government officials
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By 1972, how had the legislation around abortion changed?
Abortion in first trimester legalised,
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How is East Germany in terms of other countries for progressiveness
Other Eastern bloc countries legalised this in the 50s, very much ahead of the West,
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For legislative change around homosexuality, when was the Sexual Offences Act?
1967
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What did this decriminalise?
Private homosexual acts betwen 2 consenting males aged over 21
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While this was a hard fought and momentous change, did perceptions of homoseuxality change?
No- Still considered a perversion, and a new act was used to clamp down on homosexual behaviour which didn't fall into the law
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In the US, what laws banend homosexuality?
****** Laws
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By the mid 1980s, how many states had repealed their ****** laws?
25 states
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How long did it take for the Supreme Court to invalidate ****** laws in how many remaining states?
-2003, -14 states
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What paragraph in West and East Germany banned homosexuality?
Paragraph 175a
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In East Germany, When did this cease in practice and then finally repealed in criminal law?
Cease in practice in late 1950s and repealed in 1988
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Did West Germany take the same approach?
No they upheld this law as constitutional in 1957
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When were homosexual adult acts decriminalised in WG?
1969
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For legislative change for gender equality, when was the Equal Pay Act introduced and what does it require?
-1970, -Requires employees to give equal wages, holidays, pension rights, bonuses and working terms and conditions to men and women
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For the US, when was the Equal Pay Act introduced but later updated when and what did it do?
First 1963- worked against sex discrimination, then updated 1974 which prohibited discrimination on sexual orientation, sex, or marital status
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For West Germany, when was their Equal Rights Law introduced? What did it say?
1957, -Designed to abolish all laws and regulations which were against the Basic Law of the Federal Republic
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For East Germany, what and when was the principle of equality of men and women established?
1949 constitution
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When did they introduced a new constitution and how did this further women's position?
1968, -Made advancement of women a binding task for government and society
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What di they see as the key for acheiving equal rights for women?
Vocational training and using labour of women
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Therefore were women liberated?
More so than the West and earleir but still restrictive- Expected to reproduce and still associated with the family
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For changing attitudes and behaviours on the pill, what argument is too simplisitc?
That it led to freedom for female sexuality
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When was the Pill available in GB but what was the condition?
-1961, -But only to married women
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When was it available to all?
1966
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However, still after this who gained acess to them mostly?
Mostly middle class, married Southern Women
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While women could take control with contraception, what image did it create?
IT emphasised image of women being sexual beings- Pressurised into having sex,
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In the US, when did the Pill start becoming freely available? Before what were the conditions?
-1972, -Doctors before could deny free use of the pill
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In West Germany, in the first 3 years of it being available how many used it as compare to by 1972?
215,000 and later 3.8 million
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What percentage of women aged 15-44 used it?
30%
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However, what did the federal government want it restricted for usage for? Who supported this?
-Restricted to married women- Supported by those who produced it and for those who already had 2 children,
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How did the women's movement view the pill?
They expressed concerns- Showed patriarchy. Long term health effects unknown
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Hpw did the media represent the 60s?
The swinging 60s- Radical youth culture, centred on hippies, free love and free style music, brighter fashion, mini skirts,
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However, what is questionnable about the medias role in the 60s/
Does the media reflect these changes or did they create the idea of a sexual revolution? Did they influence public opinion and legislative changes?
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In 1970, how many boys and girls thought pre-martial sex was wrong?
Boys- 10.4% an girls 14/6%
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However, in the US, what was still the height of fashion which didn't present a liberated sexual climate?
'Going steady'- Getting married early, dances etc.
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In East Germany what was there a rise in?
Divorce, illegitmacy and abortion
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When was the first public nudist beach and where?
-East Berlin, -1989
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How did the Berlin Wall assist with women and equality?
Permeable- YOung women saw themsleves as part of a cultural unity of dress and youth culture
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When did the women's liberation movement begin in Britain?
in Lngon in 1969
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What did they encourage activism towards?
***********, equal pay, equal job opportunities, abortion of demand, 24hr nurseries
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At what event was there a flower bombing at the ROyal Albert Hall and when?
Miss World in 1970
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What brought women's writing into mainstream and when?
-Spare rib, -1972
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What book written by who is said to have accredited the Second wave feminist movement in 1963?
-Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
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Describe what the quote 'the problem with no name' means?
Emptiness despite women having everythig materially they were meant to want,
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When was the National Organisation for Women created?
1966
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How did they promote activism and consciousness-raising?
by sharign experiences and confronting bigotry
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How big was this organisation?
It was the largest feminist group in the country
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What did they seek from this?
Equality and self-determination, -They wanted a sexual and persoanl revolution
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When was the no more Miss American campaign and what was it about?
1968- Protest to the narrow images of beauty centering the pagent
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In their 10 point protest, what was point 2 about called Racism with Roses
Since its inception in 1921, there hasn't been one black finalist and not a true Miss America- American Indian
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What is point 8 about called The Irrelevant Crown on the Thronw of Mediocrity?
Miss American represents what women are supposed to be: inoffensive, bland, apolitical.
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For women's liberation movement in US and Britain, what was one of their slogans which wanted an end to sex discrimination
-Equal pay for equal work, -
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What was another two aims based on working women?
-End of 'gendering' occupations -More support for working women
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What is another aim based on pay?
They wanted to end the wage gap
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What is another aim based on education?
Overhaul gendered' education and training
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For women's liberation in West Germany, what did it emerge from?
From the student movement- Had tensions where women were seen only in supportive roles
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What did it seek to liberate women from?
Male dominated perspective on sexuality, *********** and sex-work
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In Berlin, when did Action Council for Women;s Liberation take palce?
May 1968
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What were they trying to set up for mothers?
Fougth discrimination against mothers, set up day care centres,
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For women's liberation: East Germany, what were the mediums in which women established their consciousness?
Art and literature
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When were the first non-governmental groups formed?
Late 1970s and early 1980s
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How many women were involved in women's movements in the 80s?
200-300 women
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For the strengths of women's liberation movments, what was one strength based on how large it became?
It was an international phenomenon
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What is another strength based on change and the speed?
An impressive amount of change and remarkable speed
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What is another strength based on what it aimed to do?
Broad range of issues- Legal and employment rights, reproductive rights
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What is another strength based on awareness?
Awareness increased
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For weaknesses, who only represented these groups?
White, middle class, heterosexual women
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What is another weakness based on divisions?
Divided by age, race, sexuality and marital status
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What is another weakness based on its views of homosexuals?
Often homophobia a quality
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What is another weakness based on goals which could cause what?
Divided goals: Equality within existign structures or overthrowing patriarchy, -Splintering of movement
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What is another weakness based on outside views?
Negative criticism and ridicule
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What are two controversies around the movement?
Did to go too far? Some women were against it
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For the gay liberation in Britain, when was the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) formed/
1970
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What were zaps that were performed by Britain?
They were performative flash mobs and they targetted key members to draw attention to their movement and inspired many
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How did people feel about this movement?
While revolutinary practices of squatting and experimental sex and 'coming out' felt desirable to some people, it wasn't for all
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When did tensions begin to form and what did the movement split into?
1972, -Homosexual Law Reform Society and Albany Trust
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Why did many women walk out?
Many gay men didn't appreciate the problems lesbians were facing as women
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What did they push for in terms of homosexuality and the norms?
Pushed for discrete homosexuality that fit with class norms- Acceptable lifestyle equivalent to that of heterosexuality,
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For gay liberation in the US what riots occured in June 1969?
Stonewall riots
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What was the Stonewall inn?
A popular gay bar with mainly male members
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What caused these riots?
A routine police raid unravels- IT sparked several nights of violence with the local community
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Where was the Gay LIberation Front based?
New York
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However, what splitnered movement was created?
Gay Activists Alliance (GAA)
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What did they movement concentrate on?
-Elections and rule by majority, -Sought gay rights exclusively,
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WHat were there disputes over based on methods?
There were disputes over what methds should be used- Willing to work within the political system? Tolerance wasn't enough- It needed to be accepted and celebrated
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What are some criticisms about the representativeness of the movement?
-Lesbians created own movements, -Whtie priviledged movement?
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When was there maybe a period of backlash followed by the march through the institutions?
80s/90s
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Give some examples of how there was a period of moral backlash?
Traditional ideas entrenched, -Discrimination against women, -Homophobia persisted
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For Britian's conservative backlash, who was in power at the time and what values did they emphasise?
-Thatcher, -Victorian family values
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What was Thatcher's response to the Aids crisis?
'Look! IF you behave this way, then the dangers both to you and to our whole society are very great indeed!'
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In 1985 what did one Conservative Party speaker say about homosexuals?
'If you want a queer for a neighbour, vote labour'
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Card 2

Front

How must historians view the swinging 60s?

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We must think critically and how must the historical record can dispute this review

Card 3

Front

What is there disagreement over based on this event?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does this disagreement depend on?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What is the period remembered as?

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