Psychopathology pt 2

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What is the dual process in the behviourist approach to phobias?
you develop the phobia through classical conditioning and maintain the phobia through negative reinforcement in operant conditioning
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Explain how the phobia is maintained
through negative reinforcement - the individual avois the feared stimulus provoking a desired response and thus the action is repeated
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Who studied Little Albert?
Watson and Rayner
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Describe the Little Albert observation
The UCS = loud noise, the UCR = fear, the NS = rat, the CS = the rat, CR = fear
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Who provides empirical support for the behaviourist approach to phobias?
DiGallo - 20% of people who suffered from a car accident developed a phobia of travelling in a car
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Who developed systematic desensitisation?
Wolpe
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Describe the process of systematic desensitisation
patient is taught to relax completely, they come up with a desensitisation hierarchy and work their way through it
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Why is it necessary to be in a relaxed state for systematic desensitisation?
a relaxed state is incompatible with anxiety
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Who provides empirical support for systematic desensitisation?
Gilroy - studied patients with arachnophobia, they had 3 45min sessions and were compared to the control group - after both 3 and 33 months the SD group was less fearful
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Who provides contradictory evidence for systematic desensitisation?
Ohman et al. - not effective in treating anxieties that have an evolutionary survival component
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What is the aim of phobia treatment?
to break the inappropriate association between two stimuli and replacing this with an appropriate one
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What is flooding?
exposing a patient to the phobic stimulus with a gradual build up (anxiety hierarchy) - in classical conditioning terms this process is called extinction
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What are the main assumptions of the cognitive approach on depression?
abnormal behaviour is distorted by irrational thinking/processing and negative schemas cause disorders like depression
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Describe the negative triad
developed by Beck - 1 = negative view of the self, 2 = negative view of the world, 3 = negative view of the future
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Describe the ABC model
developed by Ellis - Activating events cause negative Beliefs that bring about Consequences
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Who provides empirical support for the cognitive approach to depression?
Temple-Wisconsin study - students prone to negative thinking are more likely to become depressed than positive thinkers
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Describe Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
aims to change irrational thinking to rational thinking in order to change the patient's behaviour, it is based on Beck's negative triad and identifies then challenges the automatic negative views
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What does REBT stand for?
rational emotive behavioural therapy
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Describe REBT
based on the ABC model - becoming the ABCDE model where D = dispute and E = effects
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What is logical disputing?
where the beliefs don't logically follow the available information
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What is empirical disputing?
where the beliefs aren't consistent with reality and have no evidence
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What is pragmatic disputing?
where the beliefs are not useful
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What do patients have to do outside of REBT?
homework outside of therapy and in everyday situations i.e work or home
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Who provides empirical support for CBT?
David et al - studied 170 patients and found that those who had 14 weeks of REBT had better outcomes than those on drug therapy
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What does concordance rate mean?
the likelihood that if one monozygotic twin had a disorder the other will have the same disorder
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What is heritability rate?
if a behaviour is transmitted via genetics, what is the chance that it will be passed on to other generations
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Describe the gentic explanation in the biological approach to OCD
genes are involved in the vulnerability of OCD, and the predisposition to develop it is inherited through genetic (aetiologically heterogenous)
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What did Lewis study and find?
observed OCD patients and found that 37% of them had a parent with OCD and 21% had a sibling with OCD
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What is a candidate gene?
a gene that is linked to the vulnerability of certain disorders
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Give an example of a candidate gene
5HT1-D beta, is involved in the efficiency of transmitting serotonin across synapses
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What did Taylor find?
that OCD is polygenic with 230 genes involved and that all the genes are associated with dopamine or serotonin
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Describe Grootheest et al's study
a meta-analysis of twin studies - found that 45-65% of children and 27-47% of adults had OCD symptoms that were heritable
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Who provides empirical support for the genetic explanation?
Nedstadt - found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins
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Describe the neural explanation in the biological approach to OCD
genes associated with OCD are more likely to affect the levels of neurotransmitters and the structure of the brain
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What are the effects of low levels of serotonin?
it is a neurotransmitter linked to mood and some cases of OCD are explained by reduced levels of serotonin
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Who provides empirical support for the neural explanation?
Hu - compared serotonin levels of 169 OCD sufferers with 253 non-sufferers and found that there were lower levels of serotonin in OCD sufferers
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Describe the biological approach's view on drug therapy
as biological psychologists believe that the cause of the abnormality is physical, so should the treatment
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What is the purpose of drug therapy?
it alters the levels of key neurotransmitters
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What is the difference between curative and palliative medication?
curative = cures the problem and palliative = symptoms are suppressed (most drugs for mental disorders)
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What is the relapse rate for drug therapy?
80%
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What are SSRI's?
antidepressants that elevate the levels of serotonin causing the orbital cortex to function at more normal levels
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How do SSRI's work?
they prevent the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin in the presynaptic neuron causing a rise in serotonin
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What is an example of an SSRI?
fluoxetine - takes up to 4 months for drugs to have an effect
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What are the alternatives to SSRI's?
tricyclics (more side effects) and SNRI's (increase serotonin and adrenaline)
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Who provides empirical support for drug therapy?
Soomro - compared patients who took SSRI's with those who took placebos, found that SSRI's were most effective, symptoms reduced for 70% of patients
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Explain how the phobia is maintained

Back

through negative reinforcement - the individual avois the feared stimulus provoking a desired response and thus the action is repeated

Card 3

Front

Who studied Little Albert?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Describe the Little Albert observation

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who provides empirical support for the behaviourist approach to phobias?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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