Psychology Research Methods

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Opportunity sampling
Whoever is there at the time. A- Quick and convenient. D- Unrepresentative of the sample
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Self selected sampling
Participants volunteer themselves. eg: Newspaper ad. A- More ethical. D- Biased
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Random sampling
Every member of the target group has an equal chance of being chosen. eg: from a hat. A- unbiased. D- difficult to use a large sample.
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Systematic sampling
They use every nth person from a list. eg: 10th, 20th, 30th
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Stratified/quota sampling
It reflects certain characteristics of the population. A- more representative of population. D- Difficult to analyse data
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Experimental hypothesis
the hypothesis used in an experiment
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Research hypothesis
hypothesis used for all other types of research
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Alternative hypothesis
alternative to the null hypothesis
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Null hypothesis
no significant difference or relationship
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One tailed hypothesis
Directional- state the kind of difference between two conditions. eg. the red car will be faster than the blue car
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Two tailed hypothesis
Non directional- state that there is a difference between conditions. eg. there will be a significant difference between variable a and variable b.
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Null hypothesis
no direction. there will be no significant difference between variable a and b.
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Operationalising
The process of making variables physically measurable or testable.
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Ethics
eg. informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, protection of participants
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Independent varable IV
variable that gets manipulated
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Dependent varable DV
variable that gets measured
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Experimental condition
experiences change
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Control condition
doesn't experience change or manipulation
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Lab experiment
carried out in a controlled setting away from participants normal environment. A- High control, Can be replicated. D- Artificial, Demand characteristics, Ethics
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Field experiement
carried out using participants in their normal surroundings. A- Ecological validity, Demand characteristics. D- Less control, Ethics.
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Quasi/Natural experiment
variables aren't directly manipulated by the experimenter. A- Ethical. D- Ethics(deception), participant allocation
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Repeated measures design
Using the same people in each condition. A- fewer participants needed, participant variables. D- order effects.
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Independent measures design
Using different people in each condition. A- no order effects. D- need twice as many participants, participant variables
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Matched pairs design
Using different people in each condition but they are matched together on important variables. A- no order effects, participant variables. D- need twice as many participants, time consuming
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Counterbalancing
This ensures that each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts. eg. order effects
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Extraneous variable
other variables that could potentially influence the DV. eg: order effects, demand characteristics
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Situational variable
features of the research situation that influence participents behaviour eg. temperature, noise, time of day.
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Order effects
participants performance may be improved or hindered due to the order they experienced the conditions
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Demand characteristics
eg. intelligence, age, motivation.
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Internal validity
this is what caused change in the DV. extraneous variables can affect the internal validity of an experiement.
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External validity
this is whether we can generalize our results to situations beyond the study.
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Ecological validity
Can we generalize results from our study to different dettings or places
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Population validity
whether we can generalise our results to different people or our target population
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Temporal (historical) validity
this questions whether we can generalise our study's findings to different time periods
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Descriptive statistics
qualitative data about the experiment
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Overt observation
participants know they're being watched. A- ethical. D- has demand characteristics, low ecological validity
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Covert observation
participant is not aware they're being watched. A- no demand characteristics, high ecological validity. D- not very ethical, less controls
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Participant observation
researcher is part of the group they're studying. A- No demand characteristics, lots of good data. D- could be biased, ethical
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Non participant observation
researcher observes from outside the group. A-unbiased opinion. D-no background info, demand characteristics
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Controlled observation
observation in a controlled setting
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Naturalistic observation
observation in a natural enviroment
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Observation
WHO (who is being observed and participant/non observation), WHAT (what particular behaviour), WHERE(naturalistic/controlled setting) , WHEN (event sampling/time sampling)
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Unstructured observation
non focused, qualatative data
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Structured observation
observation of behaviour is guided by the use of specific categories (CODING SCHEMES)
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Coding scheme
eg. cat eating - placing food into mouth, moving jaws up and down
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Naturalistic observation
A- high ecological validity, low demand characteristics. D- low control
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Controlled observation
A- can be replicated, ethical. D- demand characteristics, low ecological validity.
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Event sampling
recording behaviour when it happens A- focuses on general behaviour, easily quantifiable. D- may not record important behaviour, can be subjective
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Time sampling
recording behaviour at the set time interval. A- highly quantifiable, patterns are more accurate. D- only shows behaviour in certain time periods (missing out important behaviour)
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inter-rater reliability
more than one observer present increases the reliability of the data due to both observers producing consistent results.
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Observer bias
the observer may record different data because it is what they expect to see
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Questionaire
written methods of gaining data. A- get large amounts of data, cheap easy. D- lacks flexibility, can be biased, may be untrue, socially desirable.
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Open ended questions
qualitative data, can write what they like. eg: what do you think of college? .............................
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Closed quetions
participants have to chose an answer. eg: do you like college? yes - no
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Likert scales
rating scales to measure attitudes to certain ideas. eg: how much do you like college? 1- dislike a lot, 5- like a lot
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Structured interviews
list of questions to ask. A- easy to compare, reliable. D- might not always fit, less valid
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Untstructured interviews
no set questions to ask. A- does fit into what person says, more valid. D- not easy to compare, not reliable
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Psychometric tests
eg: IQ tests, personality tests, mood scales, attitude scales
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Factors affecting validity in self reports
social desirability, interviewer bias, leading questions, content validity population validity
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Factors affecting reliability in self reports
inter-rater reliability
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Leading questions
implies expected answer
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Response set
answer questions in a certain direction
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Social desirability bias
An answer that doesn't truely represent what they feel so they do what would make them look best
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Face/content validity
does the test measure what it was intended to measure
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Concurrent validity
the correlation between a previous measurement that have been validated and the new measuring technique
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Split half reliability
A measure of consistency where a test is split in two and the scores for each half of the test is compared with one another. If the test is consistent it leads the experimenter to believe that it is most likely measuring the same thing.
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Test-retest reliability
a measure of consistency for tests. participants takes 1 test and then re take it again later
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Response rate
people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample.
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Positive correlation
as one variable increases so does the other.
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Negative correlation
as one variable increases the other decreases
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No correlation
there is no definite trend and variables are not related to each other
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Correlation co-efficient
between -1 and +1
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One tailed hypothesis- correlation
eg: there will be a significant positive/ negative correlation between co variables x and y
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Two tailed hypothesis - correlation
there will be a significant relationship between co-variable x and co-variable y
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Null hypohesis
there will be no significant correlation between co-variables x and y. any relationshi will be due to chance.
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Advantages of correlation studies
they tell us something new, there is no manipulation in a study, they act as a good starting point for a study
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Disadvantages of correlation studies
they do not tell us anything about cause and effect, the inferential statistical tests will not always pick up on relationships
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Descriptive statistics
display finding in an easily comprehensible form. eg. tables and graphs
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Measures of central tendency
inform us about the central or middile values for a set of data
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Mean
Average set of scores A- most appropriate for lots of data. D- shows anomalie
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Median
Middle value when all scores are placed in rank order A- you can use it for anomalie. D- not good for small samples
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Mode
Value that occurs the most frequently. A- not influenced by extreme scores. D- not useful is there are many equal scores
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Quantitative data
Numerial/ statistical data A- easy to analyse D- don't get an understanding of why
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Qualitative data
Descriptive data A- get understanding of why. D- not easy to analyse
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Self selected sampling

Back

Participants volunteer themselves. eg: Newspaper ad. A- More ethical. D- Biased

Card 3

Front

Random sampling

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Systematic sampling

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Stratified/quota sampling

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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