Psychology - Social Influence T1

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  • Created by: stelly_tn
  • Created on: 22-11-17 09:41
What is conformity?
A change in a persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people
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What are the 3 types of conformity?
Internalisation, identification and compliance
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What is internalisation?
A deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct. It leads to permanent change
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What is identification?
A moderate type of conformity where we act in the same way with the group because we value it and want to be a part of it. But we don't necessarily agree with everything the majority believes.
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What is compliance?
A superficial and temporary type of conformity where we outwardly go along with the majority view but privately disagree with it. The change in our behaviour only lasts as long as the group is monitoring us.
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What are the two explanations for conformity?
ISI and NSI
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What is ISI?
Informational social influence is when we agree with the opinion of the majority because we believe it is correct. We accept it because we want to be correct as well. This may lead to internalisation
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What is NSI?
Normative social influence is when we agree with the opinion of the majority because we want to be accepted, gain social approval and be liked. This may lead to compliance
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Evaluation of ISI & NSI: Research support for ISI
Lucas et al. asked students to give answers to easy and hard maths questions. Found greater conformity to incorrect answers when they were difficult rather than easy. Shows when people don't know the answers they conform, and assume they know better
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Evaluation of ISI & NSI: Individual differences in NSI
nAffiliators are not concerned about what people think about you. McGhee and Teevan found students in need of high affiliation were more like to conform
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Evaluation of ISI & NSI: ISI and NSI work together
Both processes work together, for example conformity reduces with the presence of a dissenter, which may reduce to power of NSI or ISI. Its not possible to be sure which is at work.
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Outline Asch research study
Showed participants a card with a standard line and one with three varying length lines. Asked the participant which of the three lines matched the standard. Tested 123 undergrads from the USA, all but one in a group were confederates. TBC
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Outline Asch research study (pt2)
Confederates purposely gave wrong answer in 12/18 trails
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What percentage conformed in the Asch study?
75% conformed, and example of NSI
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Evaluation of Asch: Out of date
Perrin and Spencer repeated it 25 years later and only one student conformed. Society has changed a lot and people are possibly less conformist today. Asch effect may not be consistent across time
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Evaluation of Asch: Artificial situation
There were demand characteristics, and the task was trivial and artificial. You cannot generalise his findings to everyday situations.
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Evaluation of Asch: Ethical issues
The naive participants were deceived, however this ethical cost should be weighed up against the benefits gained from the study
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What are social roles?
Parts people play as members of various social groups i.e student. They have expectations of what their and others appropriate behaviour is
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Outline Zimbardos prison experiment
Randomly assigned roles to members of the public guards or prisoners, both had uniforms, and social roles were strictly divided
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Findings Zimbardos prison experiment
Everyone conformed to their roles. Prisoners rebelled, guards became aggressive, many suffered psychological breakdowns, they all closely identified with their roles
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Evaluation of Zimbardos experiment: Control
He had control of his variables; the selection of participants were random and ruled out individual personality differences, this increases the internal validity of the study
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Evaluation of Zimbardos experiment: Lack of realism
Banuazizi and Mohavedi argue they were play-acting rather than genuinely conforming. They were basing it on stereotypes. Zimbardo countered this to show that 90% of prisoners conversations were about prison life, showing it seemed real to them
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Evaluation of Zimbardos experiment: Ethical issues
Zimbardo did not look out for his participants welfare, and risked psychological harm to them as he took on the role of a superintendent. He should have separated his roles.
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What is obedience?
A form of social influence in which a person follows a direct order from another
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Outline Milgrams obedience study
Participants asked to be a teacher or student, however had to be teacher and confederate student, asked to shock student if they got answer wrong and increase the voltage, told they could leave at any time, experimenter had 4 prods to keep them going
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Findings: Milgrams obedience study
None stopped below 300 volts, 65% continued to 450 volts, 12.5% stopped at 300 volts
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Evaluation of Milgrams obedience study: Low internal validity
Orne and Holland believed participants only behaved that way because they didn't believe the set up, however other research shows people believe the shocks, and Milgram reported 70% said they believed it
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Evaluation of Milgrams obedience study: Good external validity
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Evaluation of Milgrams obedience study: Ethical issues
Milgram deceived his participants and the actual shocking of a person is psychologically stressful, the lack of trust can damage a psychologists reputation
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What are the situational variables to Milgrams study?
Proximity, location and uniform
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What is proximity?
The physical closeness or distance of an authority figure to the person they are giving an order to
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What is location?
The place where the order was issued
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What is uniform?
People in positions of authority often have a specific outfit that is symbolic of their authority for example police
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What were the obedience rates when the experimenter delivered orders on the phone?
20.5%
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What were the obedience rates when the located was a run down building?
47.5%
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What were the obedience rates when the experimenter wore no uniform?
20%
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What is the agentic state?
A mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 3 types of conformity?

Back

Internalisation, identification and compliance

Card 3

Front

What is internalisation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is identification?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is compliance?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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