Psychology
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- Created by: joevasey
- Created on: 26-04-21 02:09
Deviance
AO1
AO1
Social norms
Culture, age, gender, historical context
Statistical deviation (Sz 1%)
Culture, age, gender, historical context
Statistical deviation (Sz 1%)
1 of 26
Deviance
AO3
AO3
Reductionist (social norms)
Social control (taking things we consider abnormal and diagnosing)
Subjective
Cultural differences
Many behaviours break social norm without being considered mental health problem
Social control (taking things we consider abnormal and diagnosing)
Subjective
Cultural differences
Many behaviours break social norm without being considered mental health problem
2 of 26
Dysfunction
AO1
AO1
Inability to function
Interferes someone's everyday life
Rosenthal 'failure to function'
Interferes someone's everyday life
Rosenthal 'failure to function'
3 of 26
Dysfunction
AO3
AO3
Subjective (objective measures 5th axis of DSM IV)
Considers life quality of patient
Many behaviours dysfunctional w/o being abnormal (repeated drunkenness)
Considers life quality of patient
Many behaviours dysfunctional w/o being abnormal (repeated drunkenness)
4 of 26
Distress
AO1
AO1
Causes upset
Continuum
Subjective experience
Continuum
Subjective experience
5 of 26
Distress
AO3
AO3
Subjective (objective DSM IV)
Considers life quality (whether abnormal or not depending on this)
Not consistent across patients
Many behaviours cause distress but aren't counted (binge eating, drinking, weight gain)
Considers life quality (whether abnormal or not depending on this)
Not consistent across patients
Many behaviours cause distress but aren't counted (binge eating, drinking, weight gain)
6 of 26
Danger
AO1
AO1
Danger to themselves/others
Can be continuum
Can be continuum
7 of 26
Danger
AO3
AO3
Subjective (5th axis DSM IV)
Life quality, whether it makes them danger to themselves/others
Smoking, drinking, driving quickly aren't mental illnesses but dangerous
Life quality, whether it makes them danger to themselves/others
Smoking, drinking, driving quickly aren't mental illnesses but dangerous
8 of 26
Symptoms of Depression
Irritable mood
Decreased interest/pleasure
Significant weight change (5%)
Change in sleep
Change in activity
Fatigue/loss of energy
Guilt/worthlessness
Concentration
Suicidality
Decreased interest/pleasure
Significant weight change (5%)
Change in sleep
Change in activity
Fatigue/loss of energy
Guilt/worthlessness
Concentration
Suicidality
9 of 26
Features of Depression
Most common (1/5 people)
7-12% population experience annually
DSM estimates 7% in US
15% of industrialised nations
Affects more women than men 2:1
7-12% population experience annually
DSM estimates 7% in US
15% of industrialised nations
Affects more women than men 2:1
10 of 26
Depression Neurotransmitters
AO1
AO1
Imbalance in dopamine/serotonin pathway
Low levels of serotonin (low receptors/sensitivity)
Too much reuptake of serotonin
Serotonin influences other monoamies like dopamine and noradrenaline
Low noradrenaline result in lack of energy/changes to sleep
Hig
Low levels of serotonin (low receptors/sensitivity)
Too much reuptake of serotonin
Serotonin influences other monoamies like dopamine and noradrenaline
Low noradrenaline result in lack of energy/changes to sleep
Hig
11 of 26
Depression Neurotransmitters
AO3 STRENGTHS
AO3 STRENGTHS
Objective/empirical
DREVETS: reduced serotonin receptor-binding potential in unmedicated depressed patients
Anti-depressants increase monoamies alleviate depression
VERSIANI: noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors increased mood if changing biology can reduce
DREVETS: reduced serotonin receptor-binding potential in unmedicated depressed patients
Anti-depressants increase monoamies alleviate depression
VERSIANI: noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors increased mood if changing biology can reduce
12 of 26
Schizophrenia Symptoms
2+ present for 1+ month
Auditory/visual hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised behaviour
Disorganised thoughts
Negative symptoms: alogia, loss of avolition, flattened effect, catatonic state
Auditory/visual hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised behaviour
Disorganised thoughts
Negative symptoms: alogia, loss of avolition, flattened effect, catatonic state
13 of 26
Schizophrenia Features
Effects more men than women
Effects men at younger age (late teens vs late 20s to mid 30s)
<1% chance of getting it (0.3%-0.7%)
Effects men at younger age (late teens vs late 20s to mid 30s)
<1% chance of getting it (0.3%-0.7%)
14 of 26
Schizophrenia Neurotransmitters
AO1
AO1
High levels of dopamine
Sensitive receptors/too many receptors (D2)
High levels linked with positive symptoms
Amphetamines cause increase in dopamine, causing schizophrenia
Hypodopimanergia in mesocortial system causes negative (hyperdopimanergia causes p
Sensitive receptors/too many receptors (D2)
High levels linked with positive symptoms
Amphetamines cause increase in dopamine, causing schizophrenia
Hypodopimanergia in mesocortial system causes negative (hyperdopimanergia causes p
15 of 26
Schizophrenia Neurotransmitters
AO3 STRENGTHS
AO3 STRENGTHS
Anti-psychotic drugs lower dopamine, work
CARLSSON: study review, high levels of dopamine linked to Sz
SEEMAN: high no. of D2 receptors
DAVIS: injected Sz with methylphenidate, found increase in symptoms
RANDRUP: raised dopamine levels in rats with amphet
CARLSSON: study review, high levels of dopamine linked to Sz
SEEMAN: high no. of D2 receptors
DAVIS: injected Sz with methylphenidate, found increase in symptoms
RANDRUP: raised dopamine levels in rats with amphet
16 of 26
Schizophrenia Neurotransmitters
AO3 WEAKNESSES
AO3 WEAKNESSES
Cause & effect issues
Difficult to test chemicals
CARLSSON: not just dopamine, other NTs (glutamate)
25% reduction of grey matter in frontal/temporal lobes
Amphetamines only cause positive symptoms
Drugs don't work for everyone/instantly
DEPATIE: apomorph
Difficult to test chemicals
CARLSSON: not just dopamine, other NTs (glutamate)
25% reduction of grey matter in frontal/temporal lobes
Amphetamines only cause positive symptoms
Drugs don't work for everyone/instantly
DEPATIE: apomorph
17 of 26
Case Studies
AO1
AO1
One individual/small group (usually due to illness)
Unique/naturally occurring (specific mental health issue)
Normally longitudinal in nature (studying development/symptoms over time)
Lots of difficult methods used
Most commonly qualitative data
Unique/naturally occurring (specific mental health issue)
Normally longitudinal in nature (studying development/symptoms over time)
Lots of difficult methods used
Most commonly qualitative data
18 of 26
Case Studies
AO3 STRENGTHS
AO3 STRENGTHS
Longitudinal (shows development/change/gains depth/understanding)
Lots of data
Qualitative
Allows study of unique events, couldn't ethically cause (particular case of illness, different to usual)
Triangulation of data (various methods being used allows to
Lots of data
Qualitative
Allows study of unique events, couldn't ethically cause (particular case of illness, different to usual)
Triangulation of data (various methods being used allows to
19 of 26
Case Studies
AO3 WEAKNESSES
AO3 WEAKNESSES
Difficult to repeat, long time to conduct
Un-generalisable (unique samples, might not apply to others)
Possible bias in reporting
Attrition risk, lowers generalisability
Un-generalisable (unique samples, might not apply to others)
Possible bias in reporting
Attrition risk, lowers generalisability
20 of 26
Culture & Diagnosis
4Ds: Impact what is seen as abnormal
Ethnocentrism: Downplaying differences between cultures/applying to other cultures
DSM vs ICD: different criteria
Culturally bound illnesses
DSM V: common cultural differences
Bias within cultures: Afro-Caribbean being
Ethnocentrism: Downplaying differences between cultures/applying to other cultures
DSM vs ICD: different criteria
Culturally bound illnesses
DSM V: common cultural differences
Bias within cultures: Afro-Caribbean being
21 of 26
Culture & Diagnosis
Studies
Studies
LEE: DSM valid in another culture (Korea ADHD)
LIN: Sz around world shares more symptoms than differs
CHANDRESA: more rates of catatonia (21%) in Sri Lanka than white British people (5%)
BURHAM: Mexicans born American have more auditory hallucinations tha
LIN: Sz around world shares more symptoms than differs
CHANDRESA: more rates of catatonia (21%) in Sri Lanka than white British people (5%)
BURHAM: Mexicans born American have more auditory hallucinations tha
22 of 26
Spearman's Rho
Ordinal data
Relationship
Relationship
23 of 26
Mann-Whitney U
Ordinal
Difference
Independent
Difference
Independent
24 of 26
Standard deviation
Measures dispersion/spread
25 of 26
Wilcoxon
Ordinal
Difference
Repeated measures
Difference
Repeated measures
26 of 26
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Deviance
AO3
AO3
Back
Reductionist (social norms)
Social control (taking things we consider abnormal and diagnosing)
Subjective
Cultural differences
Many behaviours break social norm without being considered mental health problem
Social control (taking things we consider abnormal and diagnosing)
Subjective
Cultural differences
Many behaviours break social norm without being considered mental health problem
Card 3
Front
Dysfunction
AO1
AO1
Back
Card 4
Front
Dysfunction
AO3
AO3
Back
Card 5
Front
Distress
AO1
AO1
Back
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